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90 International Trade in Services The use of international trade agreements for legal service reform remains nascent. Indeed, the coverage of legal services in bilateral or regional trade agreements, outside the European Union, has been rather spotty (Cone 2007). Similarly, relatively few countries made commitments with respect to legal services in the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations (table 3.8) or have submitted respective proposals in the ongoing GATS negotiations of the Doha Round (Geloso Grosso 2004). Yet, this unremarkable coverage might not necessarily suggest a fundamental lack of interest of the negotiating parties in legal service reform, but, rather, it might suggest that other service sectors, including large infrastructure services, offer bigger and more straightforward negotiation rewards. The complexity and country specificity of legal service regulations, as well as the multitude of stakeholders involved, notably, subnational bar associations, favor gradual, bilateral change over multilateral negotiations of ambitious, large-scale reforms. What Questions Should Stakeholders Bear in Mind as They Advance Reforms The preceding discussion touches on a number of issues that merit the attention of policy makers as they advance the trade integration agenda for legal services. We offer a checklist of questions that might help structure the reflections and ensure a comprehensive approach to reform (table 3.9). Conclusion In a world in which people, goods, services, and capital increasingly move across borders, access to affordable, high-quality legal services both at home and abroad is essential to facilitating and securing international commercial transactions. Legal resources and services have become internationalized, and trade in the profession has flourished. This chapter informs analysts and developing-country officials who are engaged in law and justice reforms about experiences and options so that they may more effectively avail themselves of trade opportunities. Trade in legal services generally accounts only for a small part of the legal profession’s overall output, but can nevertheless play a major role in shaping the profession’s development. Most trade is closely tied to international shipments of goods and the movement of persons and capital. It is rare that a company will seek advice from a law firm based abroad unless the company is established in or does significant business with the law firm’s home country. Similarly, most law firms will establish abroad only to accompany a major client in the client’s export business. For small local law firms in developing countries to participate in and benefit from legal service exports, they will often have to specialize in a particular area of
Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitments on Legal Services Host country law International law Home country law Country Advisory Representation Advisory Representation Advisory Representation Modes 91 Antigua and Barbuda X X All a Argentina X X X X X X All a Aruba X X All, NT 4: unbound Australia X X X X All a Austria X X 1,2,4 a Barbados 3, 4 Bulgaria X X All a Canada X XF All a Chile X 3, 4 a Colombia X XF 1, 2 Cuba X X X X X X 2, 3, 4 a Czech Republic X X X X X X All a Dominican Republic MA: 1, 2, 3; NT: 3 Ecuador X X All a El Salvador All a European Communities FRA and LUX FRA and LUX X X All a Finland X X All a Gambia, The X X X X X X All a Guyana X X X X X X All a Hungary X All a Iceland X XF All a Israel X X X X X X All a Jamaica X X All a Japan X X X X X X All a Lesotho X X X XF 3, 4 a (Table continues on the following page.)
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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140 International Trade in Services
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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