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342 International Trade in Services Table 10.5. A Checklist of Questions on Trade-Related Aspects of Environmental Service Reform Establishing the regulatory agenda 1. Which authorities are in charge of adopting and implementing regulations on environmental services 2. Must the authorities follow detailed standards or rules in setting prices for environmental utilities What is the price mechanism used (for example, price cap or cost-plus) 3. What measures (at which level) and mechanisms are in place to assure universal access to basic environmental services In which subsectors Are they objective and transparent Are foreign suppliers of services subject to different or additional conditions relative to domestic suppliers in terms of public service obligations 4. Which regulations are in place to ensure environmental service quality Which technical standards apply Are they transparent Have alternative, more efficient ways to meet the standards been considered 5. How is uncompetitive behavior, such as the abuse of monopoly power, addressed 6. Are institutions independent of the government How is accountability ensured 7. Are price changes phased in Is the public informed about the reasons for the changes 8. Are there any programs in place to promote the participation of consumers and other stakeholders in regulation Ensuring a fair and transparent government procurement process 1. What procurement procedures are applied for environmental services (for example, tendering) Under what circumstances are different procedures used 2. How are intended procurements publicized 3. Are there registration, residency, or other requirements for potential suppliers 4. Is procurement subject to (a) local content, (b) technology transfer, (c) local employment, and (d) investment or local presence in the importing country 5. Do procuring entities grant price advantages to domestically owned companies relative to foreign companies 6. Are there lists of approved suppliers If so, what are the procedures for checking the capability of firms applying for inclusion on tenderer lists 7. What criteria are taken into account in the award of tenders Are the criteria for the award of contracts made available in advance to potential suppliers How are tenders received, registered, and opened 8. Are entities required to publish details of the contracts awarded or notify unsuccessful tenderers Are entities required to publish or provide to unsuccessful bidders information on the pertinent reasons why their bids were rejected 9. What, if any, are the procedures available for parties, domestic and foreign, to lodge complaints about the awarding of contracts 10. Does the procurement regime distinguish between the procurement of environmentrelated goods and services If so, what rules apply in cases of joint procurement involving both goods and services
Understanding Trade in Environmental Services: Key Issues and Prospects 343 Table 10.5. (continued) Facilitating commercial presence Private participation 1. Is there a government monopoly in the environmental service sector such that private investment is not permitted If so, in which subsectors 2. For environmental infrastructure services, how is private participation allowed (concessions, build-operate-transfer concessions, and so on) 3. How is it regulated at the central and local levels What are the procedures and criteria used Is preference given to any particular enterprise or group of enterprises Is it a transparent process Foreign ownership 1. In which segments is foreign ownership allowed in the provision of environmental services 2. When laws restrict foreign shareholdings in local environmental companies, what is the maximum foreign equity permitted or the minimum local shareholding Screening laws 1. Are proposed foreign investments in the environmental sector subject to screening by a specialized authority in the host state 2. Are there economic needs tests for the approval of foreign investment If so, in which subsectors Are these tests transparent 3. Are there nationality or residency requirements for foreign investment for establishment (for example, to gain the right to practice environment-related professional services such as engineering) 4. Which authorities are charged with investment screening 5. Which criteria apply in evaluating applications for approval 6. Are investors offered rights of judicial review against unfavorable decisions by the screening authorities Are clear administrative guidelines issued from which investors can reasonably predict the responses of host state authorities to investment proposals Legal and joint venture requirements 1. Are environmental firms required to establish locally through a particular legal form of establishment (that is, subsidiary, branch, or representative office) 2. Are established foreign companies subject to specific performance requirements, including (a) licensing requirements and technology transfer rules, (b) remittance and foreign exchange restrictions limiting external financial transfers, and (c) local hiring and sourcing requirements 3. Is entry of the foreign environmental firm conditional on the substantial involvement of local participants in the ownership and management of the investment project (joint venture requirement) 4. Is local control (for example, 51 percent or more of the equity contribution) required for (equity, contractual) joint ventures Does the law provide for a progressive increase in the control over such ventures 5. Are there requirements regarding the composition of the board of directors 6. What is the prescribed legal form of a joint undertaking (general partnership, professional corporation, or limited liability company) Measures relating to licensing 1. What laws and regulations govern the licensing of environmental activities 2. What types of licenses and regimes apply in different segments What is the rationale for such licensing (Table continues on the following page.)
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Page 313: Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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Page 372 and 373: 350 Index Association of Certified
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Page 376 and 377: 354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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Page 380 and 381: 358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
Page 382 and 383: 360 Index public-private partnershi
Page 384 and 385: 362 Index Thailand construction ser
Page 386: ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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