International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

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222 International Trade in Services worth about US$100 billion; system integration, US$50 billion; application development and maintenance, US$43 billion; embedded software services, US$40 billion; and consulting services, US$6 billion (see Dongier and Sudan 2009). Developing countries captured approximately 14 percent of the global IT service market in 2007. The two leading exporters, India and Israel, exported IT and computer services worth roughly US$23.1 billion (in 2008) and US$5.3 billion (in 2006), respectively (Nasscom 2009). Chinese exports of IT services were worth an estimated US$1.2 billion in 2008 (Meyer 2009). Still, IT service exports are a fairly modest business activity in most developing countries. A large number of developing countries are enjoying the gains from trade in IT-enabled services, such as back-office support services and call centers, that are generally less skill intensive than the IT service sector itself. India is, so far, the only developing country that has created a sizable, export-oriented IT service sector. Table 7.1 shows that several other developing or emerging economies have significant exports. Argentina, Costa Rica, Malaysia, the Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, and Uruguay all made the list of major exporters put out by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2006. There are signs that the international market for IT services is becoming contested by companies in a growing number of countries, including large populous ones such as Brazil, China, the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Vietnam and small or less populous ones such as Mauritius and Romania. The McKinsey Group forecasts that developing-country exports will double and reach US$55 billion during 2010. Egypt, an emerging IT service location, is described in box 7.1. Demand has been fueled by competition in international and maturing markets that compels companies to raise productivity and reduce the costs associated with the use of IT. Offshoring offers significant cost savings through labor-cost arbitrage and economies of scale in the delivery process. However, offshoring is associated with a number of other benefits that sometimes are more important than prospective cost savings. Offshoring can enable companies to offer their clients new, more flexible, and, often, higher-quality services. It may also offer reduced time to market, facilitate access to foreign markets, and create business opportunities for the development of new products for niche markets. International outsourcing allows companies to focus on what they do best, freeing up capital to be reinvested in research and development and more productive activities. Innovation in business practices, low productivity growth, and scarcity of local engineering talent have worked as drivers in many instances. Supply is fueled by the many developing countries that have invested in education and are now able to offer an abundance of young, motivated, and technically adept graduates. Developing-country IT service exports are growing as delivery models mature and service providers become increasingly sophisticated. Offshoring has also been facilitated by economic integration—particularly through
Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Importers of Computer Services, 2006 Value (US$ Share in 15 Annual % Rank Exporters millions) economies (%) change 1 European Union (27) 60,398 59.5 14 Extra–European Union (27) exports 22,225 21.9 27 2 India a 21,061 20.7 — 3 United States b 6,208 6.1 8 4 Israel 5,289 5.2 17 5 Canada 3,583 3.5 3 6 Norway 1,376 1.4 53 7 Australia 1,040 1.0 19 8 Russian Federation 576 0.6 54 9 Malaysia 572 0.6 31 10 Costa Rica 371 0.4 46 11 Argentina 342 0.3 48 12 Hong Kong, China 301 0.3 45 13 Korea, Rep. 182 0.2 — 14 Uruguay 122 0.1 47 15 Sri Lanka 98 0.1 19 Above 15 101,520 100.0 — Value (US$ Share in 15 Annual % Rank Importers millions) economies (%) change 1 European Union (27) 32,439 61.7 14 Extra–European Union (27) imports 11,081 21.1 14 2 United States b 10,522 20.0 24 3 India 1,979 3.8 61 4 Brazil 1,947 3.7 18 5 Canada 1,401 2.7 11 6 Norway 1,268 2.4 26 7 Australia 915 1.7 16 8 Malaysia 518 1.0 37 9 Russian Federation 476 0.9 26 10 Korea, Rep. 311 0.6 — 11 Hong Kong, China 310 0.6 16 12 Argentina 206 0.4 13 13 Colombia 132 0.3 20 14 Syrian Arab Republic 95 0.2 5 15 Philippines 67 0.1 8 Above 15 52,585 100.0 — 223 Source: WTO (2008). Note: European Union (27) member states of the European Union as of January 2007: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. — not available. a. Estimate of the WTO secretariat. b. Includes affiliated information service transactions.
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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