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50 International Trade in Services list of nonconforming measures, and Mode 4 is treated in a chapter on the temporary movement of business persons. This chapter defines movement for the four categories usually seen in trade agreements (traders and investors, BVs, ICTs, and IPs). However, Japan has set a time limit of three years for three of these categories (all but business visitors), which is a fairly generous interpretation of length of stay. The two more recent RTAs negotiated by Japan with countries in Southeast Asia—Indonesia and the Philippines—are notable for their innovations in covering, for the first time, specific categories of nurses and care workers. These RTAs also have expanded the categories of workers in the chapter on Mode 4 to include “professionals with personal contracts” (essentially the same as CSSs), as well as nurses and care workers. For Japan, these categories (other than business visitors) are allowed a stay of up to three years. Japan has also increased the number of professional categories covered in the annex on professionals in these two RTAs (to 14 in the case of Indonesia and 10 in the case of the Philippines). No numerical limits are placed on these professional categories, except for nurses and care workers, for whom an annual quota is in effect. For the latter professions, specific education and training requirements are also included in the agreements, namely, a national health degree, plus two years of prior work experience and six months of language training in Japanese. Professional categories are allowed a stay of up to three years. The specification of particular categories of work with annual quotas and training requirements is an innovative approach that has not yet been seen in other RTAs. RTAs negotiated by Australia and New Zealand Four RTAs have been negotiated by Australia and New Zealand that are relevant for this study, including one joint RTA with the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). They are summarized in table 2.7. Three of these are recent agreements that have been signed or have come into force since August 2008. The oldest of the four and the one with the least ambitious provisions for labor mobility is the P4, also known as the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement, between the four countries of Brunei Darussalam, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. This agreement, which entered into force in 2006, follows a NAFTA-type structure, but with less in-depth content. The only category of workers specified in the temporary entry (or labor mobility) chapter is business persons, and no length of stay is specified. There is an annex for professional services, but it primarily sets out a best endeavors clause for the development of “mutually acceptable standards and criteria for licensing and certification of professional service providers.” No professional categories of service providers are listed; therefore, the annex has no market access component.
Table 2.7. Agreements between Australia, New Zealand, and Developing Countries P4 (New Zealand, Chile, Singapore, ASEAN–Australia– Brunei Darussalam) New Zealand New Zealand–China Australia-Chile Entry into force May 28, 2006 Signed August 28, 2008 October 1, 2008 March 6, 2009 Administrative provisions Chapter on trade in services Treatment of workers National treatment Most favored nation Local presence required Chap 12 Yes (Art 12-4) Yes (Art 12-3) No (Art 12-7) Chap 8 Yes (Chap 8, Art 5) Yes (Chap 8, Art 7) No (Chap 8, Art 4) Chap 9 Yes (Art 106) Yes (Art 107) No (Art 108) Chap 9 Yes (Art 9-3) Yes (Art 9-4) No (Art 9-5) Provisions on Mode 4 Chapter on Mode 4 Side letters on Mode 4 Committee on Mode 4 Dispute settlement on Mode 4 Transparency of regulation on Mode 4 Worker categories covered Art 12-11 No No No No Professionals Chap 9 No No Yes (Chap 9, Art 9) Yes (Chap 9, Art 8) Business visitors Investors ICTs Contractual service suppliers Installers (install a purchased machinery–only New Zealand) Spouses Chap 10 No Yes (Art 133) Yes (Art 134) Yes (Art 131) Business visitors Investors ICTs Contractual service suppliers Installers Chap 13 No Yes (Art 13-6) Yes (Art 13-7) Yes (Art 13-5) Business visitors Investors ICTs Contractual service suppliers Relatives 51 Specification of length of stay No Indonesia: Business visitors: 60 days Investors: 60 days Others: 2 years China: Business visitors: 6 months Investors: 6 months Transferees: 3 years Professionals: — Installers: 3 months Australia: Business visitor: 1 year Investors: 90 days Transferees: 4 years Professionals: 1 year (Table continues on the following pages.)
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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Page 25 and 26: Assessing the Potential of Services
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Page 67 and 68: Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Page 75 and 76: Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Page 83 and 84: Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Page 89 and 90: 3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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100 International Trade in Services
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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