International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

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296 International Trade in Services Table 9.1. Trade in Architectural, Engineering, and Other Technical Services, Selected Economies, 2006 US$ millions Exporters European Union (27) 39,212 Extra–European Union 22,657 (27) exports India a 7,360 United States b 5,020 Canada 4,066 Brazil 3,033 Norway 2,144 Russian Federation 1,571 Singapore 1,398 Australia 955 Korea, Rep. 253 Hong Kong, China 162 Argentina 77 Importers European Union (27) 25,169 Extra–European Union 10,331 (27) exports India a 2,746 Canada 2,560 Brazil 1,708 Russian Federation 1,616 Kazakhstan 1,289 Singapore 977 Norway 579 Korea, Rep. 531 Australia 370 Croatia 305 United States b 281 Hong Kong, China 39 Source: WTO (2007). a. Estimates of the World Trade Organization. Exports of “miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services, other” include information technology–enabled services. b. Market research and public opinion polling are also included in “miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services, other.” foreign engineering service firms to the region. Large projects include, for example, Algeria’s ambitious development program (including an east-west highway that is 1,216 kilometers long), Libya’s new urban housing project, and various megaprojects in the Gulf, where more than 2,000 projects are either planned or under way. The value of the Gulf projects alone amounted to over US$1 trillion in 2006, with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates accounting for 20 and 29 percent, respectively (Buckley 2007). In 2008, the top 500 global engineering design firms generated over US$80 billion in revenue. The bulk came from building, transportation, petroleum, waste, and energy projects (figure 9.1). If engineering service exports are counted together with architectural and other technical services, the European Union leads, followed by India, Canada, the United States, and Singapore (Tulacz 2008). The list of top exporters illustrates that some emerging economies have a comparative advantage in the production and delivery of engineering services. Engineering firms use a variety of means to deliver services internationally. The main channels are online service provision or interaction with clients in offices established
Engineering Services: How to Compete in the Most Global of the Professions 297 Figure 9.1. Top 500 Engineering Design Firms by Revenue and Type of Work, 2008 building transportation petroleum hazardous waste power sewerage/waste water industrial manufacturing telecommunications other Source: Tulacz (2008). 0 5 10 15 20 US$, billions abroad. Engineering firms also visit clients in their home markets to provide services (see box 9.2 for an overview). Leading engineering firms provide integrated service packages to a broad range of clients, often using advanced technology (see table 9.2 for a list of leading firms). Joint ventures and partnership agreements are particularly common delivery platforms in developing countries. Leaders partner with local companies to leverage their expertise, skills, and connections. Engineering firms in developing countries use their commercial relationships with larger firms to take advantage of the global presence of the larger firms. Firms in developing countries also adopt international quality standards to position themselves advantageously relative to competitors. The international market for engineering services is large and employs a considerable number of qualified engineers and professionals. Several developing countries with adequate training capacity have been successful in creating a thriving engineering service sector based on exports to foreign markets. Statistical accounts often treat engineering services and construction as distinct sectors. However, in the marketplace, many firms provide integrated packages to meet the demands of their clients. For example, CH2M Hill, an employeeowned professional engineering service firm, offers industrial engineering services in conjunction with construction, operations, project management, and
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Table 7.3. Information and Communic
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Page 267 and 268: Exporting Information Technology Se
Page 275 and 276: Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
Page 277 and 278: Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
Page 279 and 280: Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
Page 281 and 282: Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
Page 285 and 286: 8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Page 289 and 290: Accounting Services 267 Links to la
Page 291 and 292: Accounting Services 269 The account
Page 293 and 294: Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
Page 295 and 296: Accounting Services 273 service mar
Page 297 and 298: Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Page 303 and 304: Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
Page 305 and 306: Accounting Services 283 Restriction
Page 307 and 308: Accounting Services 285 Commercial
Page 309 and 310: Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Page 313: Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
Page 316 and 317: 294 International Trade in Services
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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