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324 International Trade in Services Table 10.2. Evolution of the Global Environmental Industry, by Region or Country, 2000–06 Compound 2000 2006 annual growth (US$, (US$, 2000 2006 rate, 2000–06 Region or country billions) billions) (%) (%) (%) United States 197.7 271.2 37.9 39.2 5.41 Western Europe 156.0 189.1 29.9 27.3 3.26 Japan 90.7 102.6 17.4 14.8 2.08 Australia, New Zealand 8.5 10.8 1.6 1.6 4.07 Canada 13.6 18.9 2.6 2.7 5.64 Developed countries 466.5 592.6 89.3 85.7 4.07 Central and Eastern Europe 9.4 15.7 1.8 2.3 8.93 Mexico 2.3 5.1 0.4 0.7 14.19 Rest of Latin America 9.4 14.0 1.8 2.0 6.86 Rest of Asia 24.6 46.7 4.7 6.8 11.27 Middle East 6.6 11.3 1.3 1.6 9.38 Africa 3.4 6.5 0.7 0.9 11.41 Developing countries 55.7 99.3 10.7 14.4 10.12 Total 522.2 691.8 100.0 100.0 4.80 Source: Data of Environmental Business International. average growth rate recorded by developed countries. This evolution can be explained, on the one hand, by the maturity of environmental markets in developed countries and, on the other hand, by the state of environmental degradation, the move toward efficiency in energy and resource use, and the implementation of better environmental regulation in developing countries (box 10.2). Driven mainly by the need for massive investments to improve environmental infrastructure, developing countries are expected to enjoy high rates of growth in areas such as water and wastewater treatment, waste management, air pollution control, and environmental monitoring and instrumentation. As these economies grow and become more advanced, there will be additional demand for cleaner technologies, renewable energy, the remediation of contaminated land, and environmental consultancy. Developed countries are expected to see higher growth rates in areas such as cleaner technologies and processes, renewable energy, energy management, waste management, and environmental consulting services. The main driver of this development is the shift in policy toward encouragement for integrated pollution control techniques rather than reliance on end-of-pipe solutions, and there is also recognition of the need for a fundamental step in resource productivity to address global environmental issues such as climate change, resource depletion, and waste generation.
Box 10.2: Explaining the Growth Potential of Environmental Markets: The Environmental Market Development Model The environmental market development model provides a useful framework for analyzing environmental markets in different countries or regions. The model links environmental market growth to the stage of development of an economy, its infrastructure, and its regulatory framework (figure 10.1). Figure 10.1. Position of World Regions or Countries in the Environmental Market Development Model, 2000 market growth rate Central and Eastern Europe China India Africa South America Middle East Southern Europe Australia North America Western Europe Japan early market phase environmental infrastructure development regulatory enforcement resource productivity and market-based instruments phases in market development The first phase is the early market phase, when environmental investments are limited; work on identifying environmental priorities for such investments is only beginning to emerge. Many parts of Africa and several South Asian countries are still at this level. The second phase is the environmental infrastructure development phase. As economies develop, they invest heavily in environmental infrastructure (for example, water, wastewater, and waste management infrastructure) to address basic environmental problems and the health impacts of pollution. This phase is characterized by a surge in the growth rate of environmental markets. Several Asian and Latin American countries are currently in this phase. Once basic environmental infrastructure and operations are in place, governments typically shift their focus to the development and enforcement of environmental regulations. This is sometimes called the regulatory enforcement phase. This drives investment in industrial environmental management and pollution control. The growth rates in environmental markets during this phase are still relatively high, but generally lower than the growth rates during the second phase. The final phase is the resource productivity and market-based instruments phase, in which many developed countries are located. Governments introduce fiscal and economic incentives for environmental improvement and greater resource productivity through, for example, landfill taxes and tax incentives for cleaner technologies. Integrated cleaner processes and activities such as recycling and renewable energy are also developed during this stage. The providers of environmental infrastructure undergo a major growth surge during the second phase of development, while companies involved in pollution control and in monitoring the environment see more steady growth in the third phase. During the last phase, renewable energy providers and companies focusing on developing more innovative ways of providing environmental services record considerable expansion. Source: JEMU (2002). 325
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Page 372 and 373: 350 Index Association of Certified
Page 374 and 375: 352 Index Convention on Combating B
Page 376 and 377: 354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
Page 378 and 379: 356 Index International Public Sect
Page 380 and 381: 358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
Page 382 and 383: 360 Index public-private partnershi
Page 384 and 385: 362 Index Thailand construction ser
Page 386: ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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