International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

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230 International Trade in Services but also local businesses in general. They include activities that would remove infrastructural bottlenecks, address weaknesses in the business environment, increase the number of graduates with adequate training, reduce barriers to labor mobility, and promote best practices in the IT service sector and, thereby, attract foreign investors. Address the limitations in infrastructure and the business environment The IT service sector is not particularly dependent on inputs of external goods and services relative to the manufacturing sector or backbone service sectors such as transportation and telecommunications. Stable power and reliable telecommunications and Internet connectivity are the main critical inputs for production in the IT service value chain. While the installation of reliable broadband capacity may take considerable investment and years to achieve, small, dedicated power generators in countries with poor capacity or volatile distribution can provide adequate electricity. These generators often run on diesel fuel and may be noisy, environmentally unfriendly, and more expensive than the electricity provided by real power plants; yet, they do the job during power cuts. IT service exporters in developing countries generally operate in software and high-technology parks in which infrastructural bottlenecks and weaknesses in the local business environment can be overcome. Internet bandwidth capacity: Critical for electronic supply Table 7.3 presents information and communication technology performance indicators for regions (simple averages) and countries within those regions that show the lowest and highest reported costs for fixed residential broadband connections (see annex table 7A.2 for information on all countries). Residential broadband prices ought to be a good proxy for the prices that, in particular, small and mediumsize enterprises are charged. The data reveal extreme differences within and across regions. Most notably, broadband is prohibitively expensive in many African countries and some countries in East Asia and the Pacific, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean. The cost for a monthly residential broadband contract exceeds US$100 in purchasing power parity dollars in 39 of 171 countries and territories. In Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cuba, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Malawi, Nigeria, and Swaziland, it exceeds US$1,000 in purchasing power parity dollars. While these price levels may effectively shut out any export-oriented startups in the IT service sector, other factors are equally important. For example, the data do not reveal to what extent the broadband services are stable over time. Downtime is detrimental to companies that need to be able to access client data systems all the time or, at least, connect frequently throughout each day.
Table 7.3. Information and Communication Technology Performance Indicators Internet users per 100 inhabitants Fixed broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants Internet bandwidth per Internet user (bit/s) Proportion of households with computer (%) Proportion of households with Internet (%) Monthly subscribers (US$) Monthly subscribers (PPP$) Sub-Saharan Africa 4.2 0.5 891 5.9 2.5 322 692 South Africa 8.2 0.8 852 14.8 4.8 26 47 Swaziland 3.7 — 282 12.8 6.0 1,877 3,854 East Asia and Pacific 25.6 6.3 4,406 29.9 24.2 71 146 Taiwan, China 64.5 20.9 12,632 67.1 61.6 10 18 Lao PDR 1.7 0.1 1,880 6.7 1.8 268 772 Europe and Central Asia 26.7 5.9 6,107 27.2 20.1 27 43 Macedonia, FYR 27.3 4.9 61 25.0 15.5 15 30 Azerbaijan 10.9 0.1 6,475 10.1 9.3 85 167 Latin America and the Caribbean 20.5 2.9 7,906 18.7 9.0 96 69 Trinidad and Tobago 16.0 2.7 4,229 43.6 18.1 13 20 Cuba 11.6 — 162 2.3 1.8 1,630 — Middle East and North Africa 23.6 5.1 3,214 29.8 22.3 41 82 Egypt Arab Rep. a 14.0 0.6 1,023 16.1 9.1 8 25 Yemen Rep. 1.4 — 1,969 2.6 2.0 226 525 South Asia 5.5 1.4 6,322 9.6 3.7 22 60 India b 6.9 0.3 441 3.7 3.0 6 16 Bangladesh 0.3 — 1,284 1.9 1.3 54 155 OECD countries 66.6 23.9 411,820 70.7 61.8 34 26 United States 72.5 24.0 15,341 70.2 61.7 15 15 Austria 67.0 19.4 30,116 71.0 60.0 61 46 231 Source: ITU (2009). Note: PPP $ U.S. dollars at purchasing power parity. — not available. a. Cap of 2 gigabytes. b. Cap of 1 gigabyte.
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Page 279 and 280: Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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