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328 International Trade in Services summary paper indicates that almost every country asserts that export capacity and overseas sales have been increasing and will continue to do so. Interestingly, among the study countries, only the Czech Republic report highlights the substantial barriers that exporters have faced and the problems associated with the lack of capital and the inaccessibility of export credits, suggesting that exports of environmental goods and services may only be a problem for developing countries in a more advanced stage of development. According to UNCTAD, the largest environmental firms are still concentrated in developed countries. However, a recent UNCTAD study shows that the participation of developing countries in infrastructure and noninfrastructure environmental services is increasing. This is the case of a number of Asian and Latin American companies that have acquired technological and service capacities, partly through joint ventures in the environmental sector in their home countries (UNCTAD 2003). Box 10.4 documents several cases of environmental service transactions involving firms in developing countries. The determinants and underlying factors in this trade are highlighted. Box 10.4: The Participation of Developing Countries in Environmental Services Economic growth in Asia has boosted the trade in environmental services. Industrial waste management service revenues in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore amounted to US$255 million in 2006 and are expected to grow to US$378 million in 2013 (Asia Pulse 2007). This growth is attributed to rising populations and industrial growth (Asia Pulse 2007). Financial conditions in the home market can help environmental service firms succeed in exporting. For example, a Colombian utility that provides water and sanitation services is planning to expand into rural markets in Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru. The utility plans to use direct investment and acquisition as part of its international strategy. The utility’s comfortable financial position at home will enable it to expand abroad (Business News Americas 2008b). Firms in developing countries engage in trade across a variety of environmental service segments. The South African firm EnviroServ has experienced a significant increase in revenue in recent years from its operations in domestic waste collection services in Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia (Mokopanele 2008). In developing countries, the enforcement of environmental rules is pushing firms to become more sophisticated. South African regulations that require the reduction of waste generation and disposal have catalyzed EnviroServ to expand its services higher up the waste hierarchy (EnviroServ 2003). As a consequence, EnviroServ offers services to promote waste avoidance, minimization, reuse, recycling, treatment, and disposal in all its markets (EnviroServ 2003). Firms in developing countries are anticipating growth in export markets of interest because of the adoption of more stringent regulations in many countries. Thus, the Chilean firm Manantial already offers domestic and industrial wastewater treatment services in Argentina and Peru and is contemplating expansion into Cuba and Ecuador. Determining factors are the legal framework in export markets, as well as familiarity with market conditions (Business News Americas 2008c).
Understanding Trade in Environmental Services: Key Issues and Prospects 329 Expected trends in the environmental service trade In terms of imports of environmental services, it is expected that the current and future investment needs of developing countries, combined with the saturation of environmental markets in the developed countries, will push mature environmental firms in more advanced economies to seek export opportunities in developing countries. Privatization and the deregulation of utilities in developing countries are expected to increase the opportunities for foreign participation. Thus, the share of the trade in environmental services (imports by developing countries), though small in the worldwide trade in services today, is set to expand significantly. Recent examples of such Mode 3–related trade are presented below. Joint ventures are a common way of providing environmental services in developing countries. In Uganda, a waste management business recently opened as a result of a joint venture between Ugandans and a Danish firm (Ssonko 2008). In the Middle East, partnerships permeate the environmental service landscape. Peru’s solid waste treatment market is attracting investors from Brazil who use advanced technology (Business News Americas 2008d). Wholly owned subsidiaries are also found in developing countries. Table 10.4 offers several examples of collaborative arrangements. Table 10.4. The Operation of Environmental Service Firms Abroad Country or region Sector Firm Arrangements Qatar Water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, solid waste collection and treatment Suez Environment (French) (49%), Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company (51%) Joint venture in the form of a shareholding limited liability company a Middle East and North Africa Wastewater collection and treatment Veolia Environment (French) (51%), Mubadala (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) (49%) Joint venture b United Arab Emirates Waste management services SLR Consulting (United Kingdom), Edessa environmental and engineering firm (Lebanon) Collaboration agreement c Peru Environmental remediation services Hazco (Canada) Wholly owned subsidiary d Brazil, Chile, Kazakhstan, Mexico, South Africa Environmental planning, management, regulatory compliance Ecology and Environment, Inc. (United States) Over 29 subsidiary entities operating abroad e Sources: a. Middle East Company News (2008). b. Euclid Infotech (2008). c. TradeArabia News Service (2008). d. Business News Americas (2008e). e. Standard & Poor’s (2008).
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Page 372 and 373: 350 Index Association of Certified
Page 374 and 375: 352 Index Convention on Combating B
Page 376 and 377: 354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
Page 378 and 379: 356 Index International Public Sect
Page 380 and 381: 358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
Page 382 and 383: 360 Index public-private partnershi
Page 384 and 385: 362 Index Thailand construction ser
Page 386: ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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