International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

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168 International Trade in Services Licenses, permits, and other official clearances and their trade-distorting effects on market access and national treatment 1. Which laws and regulations discipline the licensing of distribution services 2. Which authorities issue licenses and permits and monitor compliance 3. Are licenses required for domestic or foreign companies 4. Are foreign service suppliers subject to different registration and licensing conditions relative to domestic suppliers 5. How does the national application process for licenses, permits, and clearances compare with the corresponding process in other countries in terms of the number of administrative steps involved, the average processing time for applications, and the associated fees and costs Do the steps involve different ministries, departments, provinces, local authorities, and municipalities 6. Are there significant differences in administrative performance across national regions or across different types of distribution suppliers If so, why 7. Are there unnecessary steps in the process that could be shortened or eliminated Are there any particular bottlenecks in the process that can be addressed Can the number of required documents and signatures be reduced by centralizing the application process, for example by providing a one-stop shop facility so as to reduce compliance costs Can the process be made less expensive, while still safeguarding important policies 8. Is the official decision-making process transparent and does it involve consultation with other interested parties If not, what can be done to increase transparency and predictability in the process 9. Are there disproportionately high fees or other charges levied through the application process 10. Is there any government or independent body to which a decision can be appealed 11. What types of grants or subsidies are provided to distribution service suppliers operating in the local market Are such subsidies allocated in an equitable way or are they tied to specific criteria and, if so, what are the criteria 12. What are the regulations for land and real estate ownership for foreign distribution companies, including on size limitations, road access, parking areas, and residential areas Are these regulations different from the regulations covering local investors What effect do potential differences in these regulations have on distribution activities 13. Which authorities establish and monitor building codes and product standards in the distribution sector 14. Which practices are followed by local authorities in carrying out ongoing inspections of distribution facilities Is this a regular process or a random process
Market Structure, Liberalization, and Trade 169 15. Do such inspections tend to involve informal payments to officials Are foreign companies especially targeted 16. Would it make economic sense and does the government have the necessary capacity to adopt any regional or international product standards or wholesale and retail outlet building codes that would facilitate the integration of the local market and international markets (in addition to maintaining or improving quality, health, safety, or other relevant standards) Commercial presence of foreign affiliates (GATS Mode 3) 1. Are there legal restrictions on market entry by foreign distribution companies through commercial activities 2. If so, what are the types of restrictions and what is the impact of the restrictions on inward FDI What is the motivation for imposing any such screening Do the restrictions include limitations on takeovers and mergers 3. Are foreign suppliers required to establish locally through a particular legal form or use a specific legal name If so, what are these requirements 4. Is there a requirement for foreign distribution companies to form joint ventures with local companies If so, have these joint ventures been successful and fulfilled the prospective aims Have they helped build local expertise in the distribution sector by transferring technology and management knowledge 5. Are there staffing requirements for the establishment of each wholesale unit or retail outlet Do these involve regulations on shop opening hours and Sunday openings Are there requirements for foreign suppliers to hire local executives 6. Are the restrictions on commercial presence compliant with the country’s prospective offer for binding commitments under the GATS in the Doha Round of WTO negotiations 7. Could the policy rationale behind restrictions be addressed through other, less trade-restrictive means 8. Are there sectoral exemptions to competition law that affect the conditions of competition in the domestic distribution service market Do these include any government product retailing monopolies 9. How does competition law deal with instances of anticompetitive practices such as cartels, collusion, and predatory pricing Is competition law enforced effectively in the distribution sector 10. Which products are prohibited from sale by foreign retailers or restricted in some way by import licensing 11. Are there any significant government monopolies or state-owned enterprises that restrict private sector activities (directly or indirectly) and product retailing, and does this affect the competitiveness of private companies
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Table 7.3. Information and Communic
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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