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58 International Trade in Services developed by the International Labour Organization, the International Organization for Migration, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe as a follow-up activity after the first Global Forum on Migration and Development, which was held in 2007 (ILO, IOM, and OSCE 2008). Even though the number of BLAs has been increasing in recent years, there is no single institution responsible for collecting and maintaining the relevant information. Neither the International Labour Organization nor the International Organization for Migration has information on BLAs at the country level. The following subsection examines several pertinent BLAs. 8 While many countries have entered into BLAs, others prefer to channel their temporary labor needs through more formal immigration pathways. The vast majority of U.S. temporary admission programs are open to citizens of all countries. The range of temporary visa programs covers both skilled professionals (for example, H-1B visas) and other kinds of temporary labor (such as H-2A temporary agricultural workers). Our examination of the panorama of BLAs that have been identified for this study and that are presented in table 2.8 reveals that such agreements have been signed by countries in all regions of the world. In the Americas, Canada has been particularly active in entering into BLAs, including those with Barbados, Colombia, Table 2.8. BLAs with Developing-Country Partners: Government Programs for Temporary Workers Region Country Developing Country Partners Americas Canada Barbados, Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, Trinidad and Tobago Europe France Mauritius Germany Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Ukraine Greece Albania, Bulgaria Italy Albania, Moldova, Sri Lanka, Tunisia Spain Bulgaria, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mauritania, Morocco, Philippines, Romania, Senegal United Kingdom India, Philippines, Spain Asia China Australia, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Mauritius, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates Africa South Africa Botswana, Cuba, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tunisia Source: ILO, IOM, and OSCE (2008).
Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, and the countries of the eastern Caribbean. In Europe, the governments of Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom have negotiated BLAs with developing countries around the world. In Africa, the government of South Africa has pursued such arrangements, mainly with neighboring countries. In Asia, China has concluded BLAs with several developed- and developing-country partners. 9 Terms of coverage The coverage of labor mobility in BLAs varies widely from agreement to agreement. The agreements entered into by Canada cover exclusively the agricultural sector. Based on bilateral memorandums of understanding, the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program is managed by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Canadian employers submit requests for foreign agricultural workers for approval by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. The approved requests are then communicated via Canadian network contacts in Mexico and to private recruitment agencies in the participating Caribbean countries. Finding the workers to fill the required demand is then the responsibility of the countries of origin. In 2000, some 7,300 Mexicans were among the 16,900 foreign farm workers admitted to Canada through the country’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program; the other workers were from Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, six other eastern Caribbean islands, and Colombia. The BLA with Colombia is the result of the demand by Canadian companies in Alberta and Manitoba for Colombian workers in the food packing industry. The BLAs concluded by Spain provide for a committee that is composed of representatives of the participating governments and that is responsible for selecting the most highly qualified workers for existing job offers and for conducting training courses that may be needed. In these agreements regulating labor migration flows, the Spanish authorities, through Spanish embassies in origin countries, notify the authorities in the origin countries of the number and type of workers required. There is no set quota. Origin countries, in turn, notify the Spanish authorities of the possibility of meeting the demand through their nationals willing to go to Spain. The bilateral agreement between Colombia and Spain, for example, covers agricultural workers who are selected to work temporarily in fruit harvesting in the Catalonia region. Within the framework of the temporary and circular labor migration mode implemented through this agreement, the National Training Institute in Colombia designs training programs for the labor migrants so that they can transfer the skills and expertise acquired in Catalonia upon their return to their communities of origin. Under this BLA, less than 10 percent of the selected Colombianworkers fail to return home. In Ecuador, a migration andcontrol unit
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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Page 67 and 68: Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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108 International Trade in Services
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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