International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

208 International Trade in Services Box 6.7: Homegrown Champions Exporting Construction Services There are several successful exporters based in developing countries, particularly in East Asia and the Middle East. Larsen & Toubro is India’s largest international contractor in the construction sector. The company is established in some 20 countries, including in Africa and the Middle East. Its US$1 billion in exports in 2007 covered turnkey projects in market segments such as power, industry, petroleum, transport, and general building construction. The project portfolio includes the design and engineering of power plants and the building of football stadiums and airport-terminal complexes. Enka Construction & Industry Company is Turkey’s leading exporter of construction services, with US$2.1 billion in exports in 2007. The company is involved in large transportation, petrochemical, and general building projects in Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. It has constructed high-rise buildings and commercial and business centers in Russia, highways in Eastern Europe, petrochemical plants in Central Asia, and industrial plants in countries such as Algeria, Ethiopia, and Russia. Lebanon’s Arabian Construction Company exported construction services worth US$1.1 billion in 2007. Its areas of expertise include telecommunications, in which it offers complete solutions in radio and fiber-optic communications systems. It also provides integrated information systems and information centers; the design, supply, installation, and maintenance of power systems; site preparation for computer and control rooms; electromechanical projects; and standby power backup for hightechnology equipment. Some of the tallest towers in Dubai have been built by the company. The largest developing-country exporter of construction services is China Communications Construction Company. In 2007, it exported construction services and designs for transport infrastructure, dredging, and port machinery manufacture worth US$4.2 billion. It is the third largest dredging company in the world and the world’s largest container-crane manufacturer. These requirements are often more stringent in developed countries than in developing countries, and they may be applied at the national and regional levels. The administration of standards and certifications and the recognition of qualifications are often delegated to professional bodies or private sector associations. But, aside from the benefits they may entail in terms of safety and quality assurance, they can be significant hurdles and sources of learning costs for companies wishing to enter a foreign market. The implementation of international or regional product standards and building codes that comply with international good practice strengthens the local sector in two ways. First, it reduces transaction costs by removing the need for foreign companies to change their production processes at the same time as it provides more incentives for international contractors to integrate local suppliers in supply chains. Harmonized technical requirements, building codes, and product standards provide economies of scale in the procurement of materials, tools, and equipment and less need to invest in reeducation. Second, because they expose
Building Empires Overseas 209 local companies to international standards and good practice in building codes, the companies become more well equipped to compete in foreign markets in which the same standards, codes, and so on are employed. Yet, importing wholesale standards from abroad does not necessarily bring any benefits. Standards need to suit the local environment, and regional cooperation may well be the most useful way forward. In addition, in countries with limited government capacity, it makes sense to invest effort in harmonizing or reforming standards if they are likely to be implemented or followed by the sector. Policy makers should therefore consult with construction companies and other interest groups about the usefulness of prospective reforms to standards and building codes. It is also important to recognize the risk in poorly governed countries that government agencies with power to inspect and enforce sometimes unclear regulations may simply undertake rent-seeking activities that produce additional challenges rather than reducing transaction costs and raising quality and safety standards. For example, the World Bank (2007) reports on a Chinese construction company that pays an annual fee of US$20,000 for a license to operate in Tanzania. Whatever the value of the certification, the fee will always be covered by the Tanzanian clients. The willingness to adapt the local sector to international good practice will eventually lead beyond product standards and building codes. For example, in Mauritius, local policy makers have sought to implement international standards and to support the development of new standards in areas such as registration, licensing and certification, procurement policies, liability, and copyrights (UNCTAD 2000b). The strong links between construction services and professional services such as engineering and architectural services may also convince policy makers, particularly policy makers in middle-income countries, to take a broader view of the issues, such as the problems associated with the nonrecognition of qualifications for foreign professionals, which creates difficulties in importing and exporting countries. The institutions that are most well suited to address these issues and that can help upgrade local capacity are domestic or regional industry associations and standards bodies. Such institutions should promote the progressive implementation of international standards and building codes whenever these are applicable to the domestic environment, and developing countries can approach international donors who provide technical assistance and capacity building in these areas. Depending on the regulatory framework, the work laid out for policy makers may include modifying existing regulations, but also introducing regulations in countries in which none are available. For instance, the portfolio on building construction of the International Organization for Standardization covers standards for construction equipment; concrete, timber, and metal structures;
Page 1:
Public Disclosure Authorized Public
Page 5 and 6:
International Trade in Services New
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
Page 9 and 10:
Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
Page 11 and 12:
Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
Page 13:
Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
Page 16 and 17:
xiv About the Editors and Contribut
Page 18 and 19:
xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
Page 23 and 24:
1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
Page 25 and 26:
Assessing the Potential of Services
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
Page 53 and 54:
Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
Page 57 and 58:
Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
Page 59 and 60:
Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
Page 61 and 62:
Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
Page 63 and 64:
Worker categories covered Specifica
Page 65 and 66:
Provisions on professionals Annex o
Page 67 and 68:
Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
Page 75 and 76:
Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
Page 77 and 78:
Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
Page 79 and 80:
Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
Page 81 and 82:
Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
Page 83 and 84:
Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
Page 85 and 86:
Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
Page 87 and 88:
Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
Page 89 and 90:
3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
Page 91 and 92:
Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119:
Page 122 and 123:
100 International Trade in Services
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181: 158 International Trade in Services
Page 212 and 213: Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
Page 241 and 242: 7 Exporting Information Technology
Page 243 and 244: Exporting Information Technology Se
Page 245 and 246: Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.3. Information and Communic
Page 275 and 276: Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
Page 277 and 278: Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
Page 279 and 280: Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
Page 281 and 282:
Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
Page 283 and 284:
Exporting Information Technology Se
Page 285 and 286:
8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
Page 287 and 288:
Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
Page 289 and 290:
Accounting Services 267 Links to la
Page 291 and 292:
Accounting Services 269 The account
Page 293 and 294:
Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
Page 295 and 296:
Accounting Services 273 service mar
Page 297 and 298:
Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
Page 299 and 300:
Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
Page 301 and 302:
Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
Page 303 and 304:
Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
Page 305 and 306:
Accounting Services 283 Restriction
Page 307 and 308:
Accounting Services 285 Commercial
Page 309 and 310:
Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
Page 311 and 312:
Accounting Services 289 Administrat
Page 313:
Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
350 Index Association of Certified
Page 374 and 375:
352 Index Convention on Combating B
Page 376 and 377:
354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
Page 378 and 379:
356 Index International Public Sect
Page 380 and 381:
358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
Page 382 and 383:
360 Index public-private partnershi
Page 384 and 385:
362 Index Thailand construction ser
Page 386:
ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
show all

International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?