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140 International Trade in Services Fidler, David P., Carlos Correa, and Obijiofor Aginam. 2005. Draft Legal Review of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) from a Health Policy Perspective. Project leader, Nick Drager. Globalization, Trade, and Health Working Papers Series. Geneva: World Health Organization. Foreign Direct Investment Database. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.aspintItemID=1923&lang=1 (accessed August 4, 2009). Herman, Lior. 2009. “Assessing International Trade in Healthcare Services.” ECIPE Working Paper 03/2009, European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels. Mattoo, Aaditya, and Randeep Rathindran. 2006. “How Health Insurance Inhibits Trade in Health Care.” Health Affairs 25 (2): 358–68. MGI (McKinsey Global Institute). 2005. How Supply and Demand for Offshore Talent Meet. Part III of The Emerging Global Labor Market. San Francisco: McKinsey & Company. Mikic, Mia. 2007. “Health-Related Services in Multilateral and Preferential Trade Arrangements in Asia and the Pacific.” Working Paper 30 (January), Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade, Bangkok. Nguyen-Hong, Duc. 2000. “Restrictions on Trade in Professional Services.” Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper 1638, AusInfo, Canberra. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm abstract_id=270787. Nielson, Julia. 2006. “Ten Steps to Consider before Making Commitments in Health Services.” In International Trade in Health Services and the GATS: Current Issues and Debates, ed. Chantal Blouin, Nick Drager, and Richard Smith, 133–37. Washington, DC: World Bank. Pannarunothai, Supasit, and Khanchit Suknak. 2004. “The Impact of Health Services Liberalization on Thailand.” Paper presented at the 27th Annual Symposium of Thammasart University, Bangkok. Ratha, Dilip, and Zhimei Xu. 2008. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008. Washington, DC: Development Prospects Group, World Bank. Sauvé, Pierre. 2008. “Trade in Health-Related Services: Key Trends and Policy Challenges.” Presentation at the Prince Mahidol Award Conference, “Three Decades of Primary Health Care: Reviewing the Past and Defining the Future,” Bangkok, January 30-February 1. Suleiman, B. J. 2005. “Trade in Health Services and GATS in the Sultanate of Oman.” Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo. United Nations. 2002. Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services. UN document ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86, Statistical Papers, Series M 86. New York: Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. WHO (World Health Organization) and WTO (World Trade Organization). 2002. WTO Agreements and Public Health: A Joint Study by the WHO and the WTO Secretariat. Geneva: WTO and WHO.
5 Market Structure, Liberalization, and Trade: The Case of Distribution Services Julian Arkell Introduction: Why Is Trade in Distribution Services of Interest to Developing Countries The distribution sector represents one of the largest activities in an economy (see the description of distribution services in box 5.1). It comprises 10–20 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), 15–30 percent of employment, and up to 40 percent of the total number of enterprises in most countries. 1 The distribution sector’s share in a country’s GDP tends to increase in parallel with GDP per capita until a level is reached at which economies of scale and scope are exhausted, after which the proportion declines slowly. Retail sales of food are the largest element in total retail sales, but, as income per capita rises, this proportion of household expenditure declines. The economic importance of the distribution sector arises from its role in providing an essential channel between producers and consumers. The productivity of the distribution sector greatly affects the prices of a wide range of goods and services: 10 to 50 percent of final consumer prices are often accounted for by the distributors. The functioning of the distribution market should be a priority for policy makers because it largely determines the price, quality, and choice of the goods and products that are available to consumers. Government policies that restrict competition in the distribution sector are one of the main The editors have based this chapter on a fuller draft by the author. 141
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Table 7.3. Information and Communic
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 289 Administrat
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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350 Index Association of Certified
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352 Index Convention on Combating B
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354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
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356 Index International Public Sect
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358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
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360 Index public-private partnershi
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362 Index Thailand construction ser
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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