International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

54 International Trade in Services
Inthecaseof theChina–NewZealandRTAthatenteredintoforceinOctober2008,
the chapter on labor mobility specifies five categories of labor: investors, BVs,
ICTs, CSSs, and a new category, installers. The CSS category includes artisans with
Chinese cultural characteristics, such as Chinese theater professionals, Mandarin
teachers, and Chinese medicine specialists. While China has not taken any commitment
with regard to professional service providers, New Zealand allows the
entry of designated professionals from China for up to three years. ICTs from
China are also permitted a three-year stay. The new category of installers carries
with it a three-month stay.
The Australia-Chile RTA that entered into force in March 2009 follows a NAFTAtype
structure, and the chapter on temporary entry sets out the four usual categories
of labor. An annex on professional services does not contain a market access component,
and no numbers are attached to any category of worker. Australia allows
ICTs a stay of up to four years and CSSs a stay of one year, with the possibility of
renewal. This recent RTA is quite original in its treatment of spouses and accompanying
family members. They are granted the right to join the workers after the
workers have been in Australia for over one year. The dependents and spouses of
corporate executives, ICTs, and CSSs from the other party are allowed to enter and
reside in the respective host country. Moreover, the spouse is given the right to enter,
stay, and work for a period of time equal to that of the relevant worker.
In the case of the ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand RTA, which was signed in
August 2008, a chapter on temporary entry includes the four usual categories of
labor, plus the additional category of installers (by New Zealand). The length of
stay offered by the partners to the RTA is variable; Australia and New Zealand
allow the longest stay for ICTs (three or four years) and one year for IPs and CSSs.
It is notable that, relative to their developed-country partners, the ASEAN members
committed to much less generous stay periods for all of the labor categories.
Overall comparison and assessment of RTAs
An overall comparison of the RTAs negotiated with developing countries by
Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States can be made
easily in figure 2.1. The bars indicate the categories of labor that have been
included in the various agreements. The higher the bar for a particular agreement,
the more access the agreement provides for workers from the developing-country
partner. The number of categories of workers encompassed within the chapter on
the temporary entry and movement of natural persons is indicated, as well as the
number of professionals allowed through the annex on professionals either under
specified quotas or without numerical limitation. The size of the bar sections
indicates the types and numbers of workers (traders and investors, BVs, ICTs, IPs,