International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

290 International Trade in Services needs of clients.A typical organizational structure consists of an alliance in which each firm is treated as a member of an umbrella organization, while operating as a separate and independent legal entity. In an international context, this model makes it possible for each individual partner firm to benefit from transfers of knowledge and professional standards within the alliance, while complying with the legal and regulatory requirements of the country in which the firm is located. The outsourcing of services abroad is often included in the global strategic plans of companies. Accounting services, along with many other business services, are now facing worldwide competition through new technologies. In the early 2000s, a number of studies forecast dramatic growth in the trade in accounting services through the offshoring channel. The accounting profession is a highly regulated profession. To facilitate trade in accounting services, the WTO and other international bodies have encouraged the adoption of international accounting standards, the adoption of consistent accounting curricula in business schools worldwide, and the continued promotion of policy integration and regulatory consistency among member countries. Notes 1. The next two largest firms are BDO and Grant Thornton, and they operate similarly to the big four. 2. In several countries, including Botswana, Mozambique, and South Africa, the local entity providing services is 100 percent foreign-owned and uses the name of the big four firm. 3. Gootiiz and Mattoo (2009) conducted a survey of actual or applied trade policies in services in 32 developing countries and 24 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for the World Bank in 2007. The survey covered the four modes of supplying services and focused on five sectors, notably, financial services (banking and insurance), telecommunications, retail distribution, transportation, and professional services. Financial accounting and financial auditing are included in the professional service category. For each sector and mode of supply, the authors mapped the openness of policy toward foreign suppliers on a five-point scale, ranging from no restrictions to highly restricted. They aggregated the sector results across modes of supply based on weights reflecting judgments of the relative importance of the different modes. They then aggregated sector restrictiveness indexes using sector shares of gross domestic product, as well as country income group indexes using weights of gross domestic product for the component countries. The indexes for accounting and auditing provide indications of the openness of accounting services in the countries and regions covered in the study and may therefore be useful in assessing the need for policy reforms. 4. See http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.douri=OJ:L:2005:255:0022:01:EN:HTML. References Australian Permanent Mission to the WTO. 2006. “Collective Request: Legal Services.” Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra. Datamonitor. 2007. “Global Accountancy.” Datamonitor Industry Market Research, London. FEE (Federation of European Accountants). 2008. “Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the EU.” FEE Fact Sheet FST005, FEE, Brussels. Gootiiz, B., and A. Mattoo. 2009. “Services in Doha: What’s on the Table” Policy Research Working Paper 4903, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Accounting Services 291 IESBA (International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants). 2009. Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. New York: International Federation of Accountants. Messier, William F., Steven M. Glover, and Douglas F. Prawitt. 2006. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mirza, Abbas A., Magnus Orrell, and Graham Holt. 2008. Wiley IFRS: Practical Implementation Guide and Workbook. New York: John Wiley & Sons. O’Sullivan, Kate. 2008. “Offshoring Spreads Its Wings: From East Asia to Eastern Europe, Offshore Outsourcing Is Taking Off.” CFO Magazine, March 1. http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/10755461. Tahari, A., P. Brenner, E. De Vrijer, M. Moretti, A. Senhadji, G. Sensenbrenner, and J. Solé. 2007. “Financial Sector Reforms and Prospects for Financial Integration in Maghreb Countries.” IMF Working Paper 07/125 (May), International Monetary Fund. Terry, Laurel S. 2008. “GATS, Legal Services, and Skills Transfer in Developing Jurisdictions.” Presentation at the Third Annual International Bar Association Bar Leaders Conference, Amsterdam, May 14–15. World Bank. 2007. “Morocco’s Backbone Services Sectors: Reforms for Higher Productivity and Deeper Integration with Europe.” Report 39755-MA, World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2008. Tunisia’s Global Integration: Second Generation of Reforms to Boost Growth and Employment. Report 40129-TN, Washington, DC: Social and Economic Development Sector Unit, Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank. WTO (World Trade Organization). 1993. “General Agreement on Trade in Services.” WTO, Geneva. http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/26-gats.pdf. ———. 1998. “Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in the Accountancy Sector.” Document S/L/64 (December 17), Council for Trade in Services, WTO, Geneva. ———. 2001. Guide to the GATS: An Overview of Issues for Further Liberalization of Trade in Services. WTO Guide Series. London: Kluwer Law International.
Page 1:
Public Disclosure Authorized Public
Page 5 and 6:
International Trade in Services New
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
Page 9 and 10:
Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
Page 11 and 12:
Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
Page 13:
Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
Page 16 and 17:
xiv About the Editors and Contribut
Page 18 and 19:
xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
Page 20 and 21:
xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
Page 23 and 24:
1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
Page 25 and 26:
Assessing the Potential of Services
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
Page 53 and 54:
Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
Page 57 and 58:
Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
Page 59 and 60:
Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
Page 61 and 62:
Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
Page 63 and 64:
Worker categories covered Specifica
Page 65 and 66:
Provisions on professionals Annex o
Page 67 and 68:
Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
Page 75 and 76:
Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
Page 77 and 78:
Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
Page 79 and 80:
Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
Page 81 and 82:
Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
Page 83 and 84:
Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
Page 85 and 86:
Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
Page 87 and 88:
Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
Page 89 and 90:
3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
Page 91 and 92:
Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119:
Page 122 and 123:
100 International Trade in Services
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 241 and 242:
7 Exporting Information Technology
Page 243 and 244:
Exporting Information Technology Se
Page 245 and 246:
Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Table 7.3. Information and Communic
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262: Exporting Information Technology Se
Page 275 and 276: Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
Page 277 and 278: Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
Page 279 and 280: Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
Page 281 and 282: Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
Page 285 and 286: 8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
Page 287 and 288: Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
Page 289 and 290: Accounting Services 267 Links to la
Page 291 and 292: Accounting Services 269 The account
Page 293 and 294: Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
Page 295 and 296: Accounting Services 273 service mar
Page 297 and 298: Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
Page 299 and 300: Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
Page 301 and 302: Accounting Services 279 Box 8.7: An
Page 303 and 304: Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
Page 305 and 306: Accounting Services 283 Restriction
Page 307 and 308: Accounting Services 285 Commercial
Page 309 and 310: Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
Page 311: Accounting Services 289 Administrat
Page 316 and 317: 294 International Trade in Services
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
350 Index Association of Certified
Page 374 and 375:
352 Index Convention on Combating B
Page 376 and 377:
354 Index Former Yugoslav Republic
Page 378 and 379:
356 Index International Public Sect
Page 380 and 381:
358 Index migrants. See labor mobil
Page 382 and 383:
360 Index public-private partnershi
Page 384 and 385:
362 Index Thailand construction ser
Page 386:
ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
show all

International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?