International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

Increasing Labor Mobility 65
that allowed for an annual quota of 10,500 professionals from Australia to be granted access to the U.S.
market. This was done in 2002, and it proved to be the final straw in this area for some members of the
U.S. Congress.
5. Sáez (2009) argues that, within the EU, issues in the trade in services do not fall exclusively under
the competence of EU-wide entities because the issues go beyond articles of the treaty that accords
supranational treaty-making powers to these entities on behalf of all the member states. Thus, in
implementing the service provisions and obligations of a trade agreement, these elements must be
approved by each EU member state in accordance with domestic laws.
6. However, several EU member states have attached economic needs testing requirements in their
commitments on Mode 4 entry. The actual access provided, even under the expanded commitments,
depends on how the tests are interpreted and applied.
7. A recent RTA between the members of the European Free Trade Association and Colombia,
signed on November 25, 2008, does not even include an annex on professional service suppliers and
contains no mention of the movement of natural persons other than their definition as Mode 4 in the
body of the agreement.
8. The International Labour Organization has developed a multilateral framework on labor migration
that constitutes a comprehensive collection of principles, guidelines, and good practices on labor
migration programs, including BLAs. See ILO (2006).
9. A few recent memorandums of understanding on migratory and labor cooperation have been
signed between developing countries, for example, between Peru and Chile (2006), Peru and Ecuador
(2006), and Peru and Mexico (2002). These aim at exchanging information and protecting the rights of
migrant workers, but do not include provisions to promote labor mobility. The Philippines has signed
bilateral memorandums of understanding with several countries to cover the flows, rights, and obligations
of its nationals who become temporary workers. A reciprocal temporary worker program has
also been signed between Argentina and Bolivia that includes many of these protections.
10. Data taken from “Report on China’s Export Interests in Services in Australia” (2008), a paper
by Henry Gao provided to the authors.
11. Information provided by Dr. Shubin of China during a workshop in Beijing under World Bank
auspices, May 21–22, 2009. The information has been confirmed by the Japan International Training
Cooperation Organization.
References
Hamilton, Bob, and John Whalley. 1984. “Efficiency and Distributional Implications of Global
Restrictions on Labour Mobility: Calculations and Policy Implications.” Journal of Development
Economics 14 (1): 61–75.
Hatton, Timothy J., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. 1998. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic
Impact. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hufbauer, G., and S. Stephenson. 2009. “Increasing Labor Mobility: Options for Developing Countries.”
Unpublished working paper, June 9, World Bank, Washington, DC.
ILO (International Labour Organization). 2006. ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration:
Non-binding Principles and Guidelines for a Rights-Based Approach to Labour Migration. Geneva:
International Labour Office.
ILO (International Labour Organization), IOM (International Organization for Migration), and
OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe). 2008. “Compendium of Good
Practice Policy Elements in Bilateral Temporary Labour Arrangements.” Revised version, December
2, Geneva, IOM.
Iregui, Ana. 1999. “Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labor Mobility: An
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Karsenty, Guy. 2000. “Assessing Trade in Services by Mode of Supply.” In GATS 2000: New Directions in
Services Trade Liberalization, ed. Pierre Sauvé and Robert M. Stern, 33–56. Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution.