International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

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344 International Trade in Services Table 10.5. A Checklist of Questions on Trade-Related Aspects of Environmental Service Reform (continued ) 3. Who issues and monitors licenses 4. Are licenses automatic or not automatic 5. Are licenses open ended or time limited 6. What licensing procedures are applied (for example, application or bidding procedures) Under what circumstances are different procedures used 7. What provisions apply in the modification, termination, and revocation of licenses Facilitating the temporary movement of service providers 1. How are entry and work permits obtained 2. Are there any restrictions on the movement of intracorporate transferees What about contractual service suppliers For the latter, do the same restrictions apply to employees of firms and to independent professionals 3. Do the restrictions apply to natural persons seeking long-term establishment or to individuals traveling for business purposes for short periods of time 4. Is the entry of foreign experts subject to economic needs tests Are such tests transparent 5. Are there residency or nationality requirements with respect to certain categories of personnel employed by locally established environmental or environment-related firms 6. Are equivalent professional qualifications for environmental support services that have been obtained abroad recognized in the importing country 7. Are there prior experience requirements or postqualification experience attached to the granting of visas Reviewing other trade-distorting rules and regulations Temporary entry for trade in service-related tools 1. Are there any restrictions on the temporary entry of trade in service-related tools (for example, construction equipment, technical and training material, or engineering software and design tools) 2. Do restrictions apply to the temporary intrafirm transfer of service-related equipment 3. Do restrictions on trade in service-related tools apply to contractual service suppliers 4. Do customs procedures exist in the importing country allowing for duty-free temporary admission of trade in service-related tools Other relevant measures 1. Are there subsidies for environmental service providers In which segments 2. Are there laws or regulations on intellectual property rights that may inhibit the transfer of environmentally sound technology Preferential liberalization 1. Are there any preferential agreements affecting the supply of environmental and support services Which measures are subject to preferential treatment Do preferential measures also apply to the movement of natural persons 2. What conditions must foreign suppliers of environmental support services fulfill to meet the requirements of existing mutual recognition agreements to which host country providers are parties 3. Does the importing country maintain preferential access arrangements for developing-country service providers Source: Adapted from Geloso Grosso (2004).
Understanding Trade in Environmental Services: Key Issues and Prospects 345 Conclusion The magnitude and risks associated with the severe environmental challenges faced by developing countries require firm action to avoid reversals in the progress of development. The environmental industry is also important to the health and well-being of citizens in developing countries. Strengthening the environmental service industry is thus critical in managing the consequences of economic growth and development. In the context of the current debate on tackling climate change and competitiveness, the global trade in environmental goods and services will likewise play a critical role. However, there is a huge gap between the environmental needs faced by developing countries and the resources that are available to them to address these needs. In light of this gap, international cooperation and trade in environmental goods and services are key factors in enabling developing countries to build up the environmental sector. The potential direct and indirect gains of developing countries from the liberalization of environmental services are considerable. The main benefits are expected on the import side through increased efficiency because of competition and investment, leading to the greater availability of environmental infrastructure services for the benefit of the environment and the health of populations. Liberalization can also provide capital and technological expertise in environmental management, thereby increasing access to advanced management skills and the latest technology. Furthermore, the growth of the environmental service sector and the trade in environmental services can generate employment opportunities for unskilled and skilled labor in developing countries. There could also be positive spillover effects in export-oriented sectors like tourism and in related sectors such as engineering and design, construction, research and development, training, and consulting. Finally, environmental service imports often enhance domestic capacity, which can, in turn, lead to the development of export capacity and broader economic benefits. Developing countries are net importers of environmental services at this stage. Mirroring the development stage of their environmental service markets, environmental infrastructure imports are particularly important to developing countries. This trend is expected to continue given the needs of these countries for massive investments to improve environmental infrastructure and given the saturation of environmental infrastructure markets in developed countries. As developing countries grow and become more advanced, there will be additional demand for trade in cleaner technologies, renewable energy, the remediation of contaminated land, and environmental consultancy. Several developing countries are beginning to develop export potential in environmental services. The best export niches for developing countries seem to be in environmental engineering, testing and analysis, research and development, specialized consultancy, and ecotourism.
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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International Trade in Services New
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CONTENTS About the Editors and Cont
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Contents vii Boxes 2.1 Extent of Te
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Contents ix 1.4 Worker Remittances
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Contents xi 6.6 A Checklist of Ques
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xiv About the Editors and Contribut
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xvi Foreword Beyond describing the
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xviii Acknowledgments Finally, this
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1 Assessing the Potential of Servic
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Assessing the Potential of Services
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2 Increasing Labor Mobility: Option
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Increasing Labor Mobility 31 unders
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Table 2.2. Quantitative Estimates o
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Borjas, George “Heaven’s Doors:
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Increasing Labor Mobility 37 contri
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Increasing Labor Mobility 39 must h
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Worker categories covered Specifica
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Provisions on professionals Annex o
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Increasing Labor Mobility 45 The EU
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Table 2.7. Agreements between Austr
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Specified quotas n.a. Entry subject
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Increasing Labor Mobility 55 Figure
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Increasing Labor Mobility 57 Bilate
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Increasing Labor Mobility 59 Jamaic
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Increasing Labor Mobility 61 factor
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Increasing Labor Mobility 63 indivi
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Increasing Labor Mobility 65 that a
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3 Legal Services: Does More Trade R
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Legal Services: Does More Trade Rhy
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Table 3.3. Trade in Legal Services:
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Table 3.8. Uruguay Round Commitment
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100 International Trade in Services
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Figure 6.6. Number of Days Required
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7 Exporting Information Technology
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Exporting Information Technology Se
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Table 7.1. Major Exporters and Impo
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Brunei Darussalam 48.2 2.9 2,954 66
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Honduras 6.0 — 4,081 10.1 3.3 —
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Norway 85.0 30.6 31,726 82.0 78.0 5
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Uganda 3.6 — 306 5.1 — 170.0 41
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8 Accounting Services: Ensuring Goo
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Accounting Services 265 exceeding 5
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Accounting Services 267 Links to la
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Accounting Services 269 The account
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Accounting Services 271 Box 8.3: Ex
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Accounting Services 273 service mar
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Accounting Services 275 Table 8.5.
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Accounting Services 277 Box 8.6: Re
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Accounting Services 281 Table 8.6.
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Accounting Services 283 Restriction
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Accounting Services 285 Commercial
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Accounting Services 287 Colleges of
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Accounting Services 291 IESBA (Inte
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Page 372 and 373: 350 Index Association of Certified
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