International Trade in Services.pdf - DSpace at Khazar University

74 International Trade in Services
Table 3.2. Importance of Trade under the Different Modes of Legal Service Supply
Mode of supply United Kingdom United States
Mode 1: US$3.2 billion (2003) US$3.4 billion (2003)
Crossborder supply
Mode 2: — —
Consumption abroad
Mode 3: 484 branches of solicitors US$958 million (2002); top 71
Commercial presence firms established law firms with 343 offices
abroad (2003) abroad (2000)
Mode 4: 881 work permit requests to 775 work permits issued
Movement of natural U.S. lawyers alone (2000) to lawyers (2000)
persons
Source: Hook (2007).
Note: — not available.
foreign clients or operations abroad posted on the Web sites of law firms (all
modes), can often be found. Table 3.3 provides an example of such evidence collected
for Morocco; it reveals the importance of foreign presence, the significant
workload associated with the provision of services to foreign companies, the
diversity of partnerships and trade models, and the wide array of specialization
among firms.
While most developing-country trade in legal services occurs with partners in
developed countries, there are also examples of South-South transactions. In the
Middle East and North Africa Region, a number of mutual recognition agreements
among national or regional bar associations facilitate trade in legal services
between, for example, the Algiers and the Tunis bars. Other examples of South-
South trade in legal services include the opening of offices by the Pakistani firm
Zafar & Mandviwalla Law Associates in Afghanistan and by the Pakistani firm
Rizvi Isa Afridi & Angell in China and the United Arab Emirates. Pakistani firms
also visit clients in the Middle East and the United Kingdom to provide legal
advice (Saeed, Qureshi, and Hussain 2005).
Another avenue of South-South trade operates through the work of paralegals.
These assistants undertake a large part of the background analysis for criminal
and commercial law cases, and trainers of paralegal advisers have crossed borders
to provide their services. In Malawi, for example, the Paralegal Advisory Service
offers paralegal aid in criminal law matters. Four nongovernmental organizations
work in partnership with the Malawi Prison Service, the Malawi Police Service,
and the courts to offer legal education on the front lines of criminal justice. This
area agreement has been in force since May 2000 and involves 38 trained para -
legals. The Paralegal Advisory Service is in the process of being transformed into