The Gougeon Brothers on Boat Construction - WEST SYSTEM Epoxy

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118 Core Boatbuilding Techniques
Synthetic Fibers and WEST SYSTEM ® <strong>The</strong> term synthetic fiber includes fiberglass (glass fiber), carbon (graphite) fiber, aramids (Kevlar), and low-modulus fibers like Dynel and polypropylene. <strong>The</strong>se fibers share similarities with wood, such as being strong parallel to the fiber direction and weaker off-axis. In most cases, the density of synthetic fibers is greater than that of wood. When this book was written in 1979, the materials and techniques it described were the “cutting edge” of boat construction. <strong>The</strong> use of wood was in serious decline, and many boats were being built with fiberglass and polyester resins. Because a solid fiberglass laminate is several times heavier than an equal volume of a wood laminate and not as stiff, <strong>Gougeon</strong> <strong>Brothers</strong> were not keen on using fiberglass. Indeed, our mindset in the 1970s might be summed up by the sign on the wall in the boatshop: “If God had wanted us to use fiberglass, He would have created fiberglass trees.” Nonetheless, we at <strong>Gougeon</strong> <strong>Brothers</strong> did realize the value of synthetic fibers early on. At the time, carbon fiber and Kevlar were primarily aerospace materials, but we experimented with their uses in boatbuilding, mostly to reinforce wood locally in areas such as centerboards, rudders, and masts. We also recognized the value of bonding a woven fabric, such as fiberglass, with epoxy to exterior surfaces of a boat to increase durability and resist abrasion and impact loads. Not much was known then about how these synthetic fibers would interact with wood. Time has proved their effectiveness. <strong>The</strong> technology of manufacturing fiberglass, carbon fiber, Kevlar, and other synthetic fibers has advanced rapidly. Fiber manufacturers have developed better sizings for their fibers as well as more sophisticated weaving techniques. Since this book was last revised in 1985, <strong>Gougeon</strong> <strong>Brothers</strong>, Inc. has become a leading proponent of the use of synthetic fibers. We have developed testing techniques, including the Hydromat Test Method (ASTM D-6416), that characterize the strength and stiffness of low-density core sandwich composites as well as solid synthetic fiber laminates. <strong>The</strong>se test data are used by naval architects, laminate engineers, and composites scientists. A large volume of data now exists on static and fatigue performance of solid fiberglass and carbon fiber laminate and sandwich composites. Much of this information is in the public domain and can be found on Internet sites such as www.sandia.gov and in NASA documents. We have not tried to incorporate all the new information about synthetic fibers into the 5th edition because, as explained in the Preface, this book represents a snapshot in time. So this chapter remains largely unchanged from when it was written except to reflect the current WEST SYSTEM ® product line and to discuss special application techniques for clear finishing. Nonetheless, it provides an excellent overview of synthetic fibers and their use with WEST SYSTEM epoxy. <strong>The</strong>re are many areas in wooden boat construction where we and many others have successfully used synthetic fibers to augment wood structures and increase their overall capability. Synthetic fiber augmentation has been particularly effective in areas where constrained geometry is necessary. Centerboards, rudders, and masts are all components where denser, high-strength Epoxy CHAPTER 13 fibers can be incorporated with wood to improve performance. For hulls, the fiberglass-covered, wood strip composite process described in Chapter 23 has proved to be an excellent mating of wood and synthetic fibers. In more typical wood/WEST SYSTEM Brand epoxy construction, synthetic fibers are regularly used to increase exterior
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The Gougeo
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Gougeon Br
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iv Table of Content Getting Started
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vi Table of Content Chapter 17 Mold
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viii Table of Content Later Product
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x Preface The brie
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xii Table of Content
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2 Introduction With the help of fri
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4 Introduction
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Modern Wood/Epoxy Composite Boatbui
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Chapter 2 - Modern Wood/Epoxy Compo
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Wood as a Structural Material CHAPT
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Chapter 3 - Wood as a Structural Ma
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WEST SYSTEM ® Products This chapte
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Chapter 4 - WEST SYSTEM ® Products
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Hull Construction Techniques— An
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Chapter 5 - Hull Construction Techn
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Getting Started Chapter 6 Before Yo
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46 Getting Started Finally, should
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48 Getting Started Designers’ fee
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50 Getting Started
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52 Getting Started Material Price/b
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54 Getting Started between layers o
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56 Getting Started mast; sails and
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58 Getting Started
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60 Getting Started and it is import
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62 Getting Started necessity. We al
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64 Getting Started Grit refers to t
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66 Getting Started An efficient flo
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Page 105 and 106: Laminating and Bonding Techniques <
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Page 143 and 144: Hardware Bonding As stated earlier
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168 First Production Steps Figure 1
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170 First Production Steps 1" X 4"
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172 First Production Steps After ch
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174 First Production Steps did the
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176 First Production Steps stem or
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180 First Production Steps case you
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182 First Production Steps curve th
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186 First Production Steps
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188 First Production Steps will be
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190 First Production Steps Notches
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192 First Production Steps image an
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194 First Production Steps probably
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202 First Production Steps Setting
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204 First Production Steps To detec
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206 First Production Steps Beveling
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208 First Production Steps Section
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210 First Production Steps Stem lam
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216 First Production Steps Keel Fai
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Building a Mold or Plug A mold is a
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Chapter 20 - Building a Mold or Plu
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Laminating Veneer Over a Mold or Pl
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Chapter 21 - Laminating Veneer Over
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Stringer-Frame Construction While s
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Chapter 22 - Stringer-Frame Constru
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Strip Plank Laminated Veneer and St
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Chapter 23 - Strip Plank Laminated
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Hard Chine Plywood Construction A s
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Chapter 24 - Hard Chine Plywood Con
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Compounded Plywood Construction Mos
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Chapter 25 - Compounded Plywood Con
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Later Production Steps Chapter 26 I
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318 Later Production Steps Figure 2
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322 Later Production Steps Material
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324 Later Production Steps Bulkhead
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326 Later Production Steps Teak ven
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330 Later Production Steps to the s
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336 Later Production Steps
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338 Later Production Steps Preparin
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340 Later Production Steps A semici
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352 Later Production Steps Flat saw
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Review of Basic Techniques for Usin
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The Gougeo
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Fatigue Aspects of Epoxies and Wood
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Selected Bibliography While the fol
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The Gougeon Brothers on Boat Construction - WEST SYSTEM Epoxy

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