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Risques extrêmes en finance : Statistique, théorie et gestion de portefeuille Résumé : Cette thèse propose une étude des risques extrêmes sur les marchés financiers, considérés comme un exemple typique de système complexe auto-organisé. Nous commençons par décrire et modéliser les propriétés statistiques individuelles des actifs financiers afin d’en déduire une estimation précise des grands risques et d’en comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents en relation avec la micro-structure des marchés et le comportement des agents économiques. A l’aide des copules et modèles à facteurs, nous analysons ensuite les propriétés de dépendance extrêmes des actifs financiers afin de mieux cerner les possibilités et les limites de la diversification des grands risques. Enfin, nous étudions les mesures de risques les plus à mêmes de quantifier des risques extrêmes et appliquons l’ensemble de ces résultats à l’obtention de portefeuilles les moins sensibles à ce type de risques. Parallèlement, nous exposons certaines conséquences de ce type d’allocation sur les équilibres de marché. Mots-clés : système complexe auto-organisé, risques extrêmes, marchés financiers, gestion de portefeuille, éconophysique, bulles spéculatives, distributions à queues épaisses, copules. Extreme risks in finance : Statistics, theory and portfolio management Summary : This thesis proposes a study of extreme risks observed on financial markets, considered as a typical example of self-organized complex systems. We start by describing and modeling individual statistical properties of financial assets in order to obtain the most accurate estimation of large risks and to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in relation with the markets microstructure and the economic agents’ behaviors. Using copulas as well as factor models, we then analyze the dependence properties between assets, and more specifically their extreme counterparts, in order to understand the opportunities for diversification of large risks, but also their limits. Finally, we study the risk measures that are the most appropriate for the assessment of extreme risks and apply all these results to define the portofolios that are the least sensitive to extreme risks. In parallel, we develop consequences of such assets allocations with respect to market equilibria. Key-words : self-organized complex systems, extreme risks, financial markets, portfolio management, econophysics, speculative bubbles, heavy tail distributions, copulas.
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UNIVERSITE DE NICE-SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS
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4 Table des matières 2.2.2 Bulles
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6 Table des matières 7.3.2 Tests n
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8 Table des matières 12.1.1 Distri
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10 Table des matières Références
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12 m’ont souvent été d’un gra
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14 Introduction pour espérer se co
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16 Introduction les distributions e
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18 Introduction
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Chapitre 1 Faits stylisés des rent
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1.1. Rappel des faits stylisés 23
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1.1. Rappel des faits stylisés 25
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1.2. De la difficulté de représen
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1.3. Modélisation des propriétés
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Chapitre 2 Modèles phénoménologi
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2.1. Bulles rationnelles multi-dime
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2.2. Des bulles rationnelles aux kr
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Chapitre 3 Distributions exponentie
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Empirical Distributions of Log-Retu
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concerning tail fatness can be form
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To fit our two data sets, section 4
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properties, stressing the problems
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Another problem lies in the determi
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In order to obtain a process with S
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and Sornette (1999) for instance. W
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1. The Pareto distribution: 79 Fu(x
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empirical analog FN(x), estimated f
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have been chosen to converge to 1 a
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5 Comparison of the descriptive pow
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ased on the fact that the quantity
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tail (positive or negative) of the
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Equation (46) depends on c only and
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B Minimum Anderson-Darling Estimato
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C Local exponent In this Appendix,
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D Testing non-nested hypotheses wit
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where α = (c ∗ ,d ∗ ). It can
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where E0[·] denotes the expectatio
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References Andersen, J.V. and D. So
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Gouriéroux C. and A. Monfort, 1994
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Rubinstein, M., 1973, The fundament
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(a) Independent Data Stretched-Expo
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(a) Dow Jones Positive Tail Negativ
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Nasdaq Dow Jones Pos. Tail Neg. Tai
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Dow Jones positive tail Dow Jones n
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Variation coefficient Variation coe
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Mean excess function Mean excess fu
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Hill‘s estimate b u Hill‘s esti
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Wilks statistic (doubled log−like
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Tail 1−F(x) and parameter b Tail
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1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4
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Chapitre 4 Relaxation de la volatil
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Volatility Fingerprints of Large Sh
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2 Long-range memory and distinction
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Figure 2: Measuring the conditional
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the system to the accumulation of m
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Appendix C: “Conditional response
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Baillie, R.T., 1996, Long memory pr
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Chapitre 5 Approche comportementale
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5.1. Prix d’un actif et excès de
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5.2. Modèles d’opinion contre mo
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5.4. Conséquences des phénomènes
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5.5. Conclusion 157 ce qui induit u
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Chapitre 6 Comportements mimétique
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RESEARCH PAPER Q UANTITATIVE F INAN
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A Corcos et al Q UANTITATIVE F INAN
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Deuxième partie Etude des proprié
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182 7. Etude de la dépendance à l
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192 8. Tests de copule gaussienne
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194 8. Tests de copule gaussienne 1
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200 8. Tests de copule gaussienne t
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202 8. Tests de copule gaussienne T
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204 8. Tests de copule gaussienne a
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206 8. Tests de copule gaussienne c
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208 8. Tests de copule gaussienne t
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210 8. Tests de copule gaussienne (
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212 8. Tests de copule gaussienne R
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228 8. Tests de copule gaussienne f
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236 8. Tests de copule gaussienne T
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238 9. Mesure de la dépendance ext
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Chapitre 10 La mesure du risque Dan
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10.1. La théorie de l’utilité 3
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10.2. Les mesures de risque cohére
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10.3. Les mesures de fluctuations 3
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10.4. Conclusion 361 et de manière
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Chapitre 11 Portefeuilles optimaux
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11.2. Prise en compte des grands ri
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11.3. Equilibre de marché 367 s’
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11.5. Annexe 369 Collective Origin
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11.5. Annexe 371 point λ = 1. Thus
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Chapitre 12 Gestion des risques gra
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12.1. Comprendre et gérer les risq
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12.2. Minimiser l’impact des gran
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Chapitre 13 Gestion de portefeuille
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VaR-Efficient Portfolios for a Clas
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dependence: from independence to co
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given a series of return {rt}t foll
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eads cV (u1, · · · , un) = 1
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THEOREM 4 (TAIL EQUIVALENCE FOR A S
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Independent Assets Comonotonic Asse
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3.2 Typical recurrence time of larg
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and finally w ∗ i = χ−1 i j
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where the ˆwi’s are solution of
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Choosing x > y > Aɛ, and applying
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Expanding fi(xi) around x ∗ i yie
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for all h ∈ AC. Thus, integrating
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B Asymptotic distribution of the su
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This yields × h+ Sc−2 − 2 dh
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References Acerbi, A. and D. Tasche
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Malevergne, Y. and D. Sornette, 200
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ln(T/T 0 ) T Figure 2: Logarithm
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Chapitre 14 Gestion de Portefeuille
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Multi-Moments Method for Portfolio
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choosen risk measure. Section 5 pre
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The variance of the return X of an
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This property is verified for all c
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µn=α of order n = 2, 4, 6 and 8.
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these two assets or portfolios. The
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Due to the homogeneity property of
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invested in the risky fund depends
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C. Then, if g1(X1), · · · , gn(X
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Differentiating with respect to x1,
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7.2 Transformation of the modified
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In the sequel, we will first evalua
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8.3 Non-symmetric assets In the cas
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y the variance will then increase).
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A Description of the data set We ha
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thus and finally 1 λ1 n−1 = w
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C Composition of the market portfol
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D Generalized capital asset princin
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This brings us back to the problem
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F.2 General case We now consider a
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Page 469 and 470: Mean (10 −3 ) Variance (10 −3 )
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Page 473 and 474: w i w i 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 Mean−μ
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Page 477 and 478: Empirical Cumulative Distribution 1
Page 479 and 480: Z 2 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0
Page 481 and 482: Z 2 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0
Page 483 and 484: 10 0 10 −1 10 0 10 −1 10 −1 1
Page 485 and 486: 10 0 10 −1 10 0 10 −1 10 −1 1
Page 487 and 488: κ 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Exc
Page 489 and 490: Return μ 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0
Page 491 and 492: Conclusions et Perspectives L’obj
Page 493 and 494: Conclusion 493 en univers gaussien
Page 495 and 496: Annexe A Evaluation de la conduite
Page 497 and 498: A.2. Eléments de contexte 497 bora
Page 499 and 500: A.4. Compétences acquises et ensei
Page 501 and 502: A.5. Conclusion 501 de la recherche
Page 503 and 504: Bibliographie ACERBI, C. (2002) :
Page 505 and 506: Bibliographie 505 BOUCHAUD, J. P. E
Page 507 and 508: Bibliographie 507 DE FINETTI, B. (1
Page 509 and 510: Bibliographie 509 GRANGER, C. W. ET
Page 511 and 512: Bibliographie 511 LILLO, F. ET R. N
Page 513 and 514: Bibliographie 513 PATTON, A. (2001)
Page 515: Bibliographie 515 SUSMEL, R. (1996)
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