ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation <strong>of</strong> this issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Global Report on Human Settlements is <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dedicated efforts <strong>of</strong> a wide range <strong>of</strong>urban researchers, practitioners and policy-makers. Their knowledge and expertise has been essential to <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> thisand, indeed, also earlier issues in this biennial series. The current volume — which is concerned with urban security andsafety, focusing on crime and violence; security <strong>of</strong> tenure and forced evictions; and natural and human-made disasters —reflects a fundamental commitment to <strong>the</strong> goals <strong>of</strong> sustainable and equitable development <strong>of</strong> human settlements, as outlined in<strong>the</strong> Habitat Agenda, <strong>the</strong> Millennium Declaration and in international law relevant to human settlements.Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 was prepared under <strong>the</strong> generalguidance <strong>of</strong> two successive Directors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Monitoring and Research Division, UN-Habitat, i.e. Don Okpala (till February2006) and Banji Oyeyinka (from January 2007). Naison Mutizwa-Mangiza, Chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Policy Analysis, Syn<strong>the</strong>sis and DialogueBranch, UN-Habitat, supervised <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report, and was responsible for <strong>the</strong> substantive editing and drafting <strong>of</strong>parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two introductory chapters, as well as <strong>the</strong> overall editing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report. Ben Arimah, Inge Jensen and Edlam AberaYemeru (Human Settlements Officers, UN-Habitat) were responsible for <strong>the</strong> substantive editing and drafting <strong>of</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>chapters on crime and violence; security <strong>of</strong> tenure; and natural and human-made disasters, respectively. They also reviewedand prepared summaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> case studies contained in Part VI <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report.The Executive Director <strong>of</strong> UN-Habitat, Dr. Anna K. Tibaijuka, and <strong>the</strong> following members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> UN-Habitat SeniorManagement Board provided strategic and substantive advice at different stages in <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report: SubramoniaAnanthankrishnan, Nefise Bazoglu, Daniel Biau, Selman Ergüden, Lucia Kiwala, Frederico Neto, Toshiyasu Noda, LarsReutersward and Farouk Tebbal.Background papers and drafts <strong>of</strong> chapters were prepared by a number <strong>of</strong> eminent experts, some <strong>of</strong> whom also coordinatedand supervised case studies: Michael Cohen, New School University, New York, US (Chapters 1 and 2, as well assupervising case studies on natural and human-made disasters); Richard H. Schneider, Department <strong>of</strong> Urban and RegionalPlanning, University <strong>of</strong> Florida, Gainesville, US (Chapter 3, as well as supervising case studies on crime and violence); TedKitchen, Sheffield Hallam University, UK (Chapters 4 and 10, as well as supervising case studies on crime and violence); ScottLeckie, Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) (Chapters 5, 6 and 11, as well as supervising case studies on security<strong>of</strong> tenure); Mark Pelling, Kings College, University <strong>of</strong> London, UK (Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 12). Iouri Moiseev, independentconsultant, Moscow, Russia, compiled <strong>the</strong> draft version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Statistical Annex in Part VII.The report benefited substantially from <strong>the</strong> contributions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Advisory Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Global ResearchNetwork on Human Settlements (HS-Net). This network was established in 2004 with <strong>the</strong> primary objective <strong>of</strong> providingsubstantive guidance to <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Global Report series. The members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Board who contributed to <strong>the</strong> preparation<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> current report, through discussions at Board meetings and/or by providing extensive comments in writing on <strong>the</strong>first draft <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report itself were: Marisa Carmona, Department <strong>of</strong> Urbanism, Delft University <strong>of</strong> Technology, <strong>the</strong>Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands; Nowarat Coowanitwong, School <strong>of</strong> Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology,Thailand; Suocheng Dong, Institute <strong>of</strong> Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences,Beijing, China; Alain Durand-Lasserve, Sociétés en Développement dans l’Espace et dans le Temps, Université Denis Diderot,Paris, France; József Hegedüs, Metropolitan Research Institute, Varoskutatas Kft, Budapest, Hungary; Paula Jiron, HousingInstitute, University <strong>of</strong> Chile, Santiago, Chile; Vinay D. Lall, Society for Development Studies, New Delhi, India; José LuisLezama de la Torre, Centro de Estudios Demográficos, Urbanos y Ambientales, Mexico City, Mexico; Om Prakash Mathur,National Institute <strong>of</strong> Public Finance and Policy (IDFC), Delhi, India; Winnie Mitullah, Institute <strong>of</strong> Development Studies (IDS),University <strong>of</strong> Nairobi, Kenya; Peter Newman, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Australia;Peter Ngau, Department <strong>of</strong> Regional and Urban Planning, University <strong>of</strong> Nairobi, Kenya; Tumsifu Jonas Nnkya, Institute <strong>of</strong>Housing Studies and Building Research, University <strong>of</strong> Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Carole Rakodi, International DevelopmentDepartment, University <strong>of</strong> Birmingham, UK; Gustavo Ri<strong>of</strong>rio, Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo (DESCO), Lima,Peru; Nelson Saule, Instituto de Estudios Formacao e Assessoria em Politicas Socials (POLIS), São Paulo, Brazil; MonaSerageldin, Centre for Urban Development Studies, Harvard University Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Design, Massachusetts, US; DinaK. Shehayeb, Housing and Building National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; Richard Stren, Centre <strong>of</strong> Urban and CommunityStudies, University <strong>of</strong> Toronto, Canada; Luidmila Ya Tkachenko, Research and Project Institute <strong>of</strong> Moscow City Master Plan,Moscow, Russia; Willem K.T Van Vliet–, College <strong>of</strong> Architecture and Planning, University <strong>of</strong> Colorado, Boulder, US; VladimerVardosanidze, Institute <strong>of</strong> Architecture, Tbilisi, Georgia; Patrick Wakely, Development Planning Unit (DPU), University College
Acknowledgementsix<strong>of</strong> London, UK; and Mustapha Zubairu, Department <strong>of</strong> Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University <strong>of</strong> Technology, Minna,Nigeria.The Advisory Board met in September 2005 in New Delhi, India, to discuss a preliminary outline <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report and abackground paper on current issues and trends in urban safety. At this stage, <strong>the</strong> focus <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report was confined to naturaland human-made disasters. The Board met again in June 2006 in Vancouver, Canada, at which time it had been agreed toexpand <strong>the</strong> focus <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report to include urban crime and violence as well as security <strong>of</strong> tenure and evictions. At this secondmeeting, <strong>the</strong> Board members discussed annotated outlines <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report’s chapters.Following expert recommendations, a number <strong>of</strong> authors were commissioned to prepare case studies on <strong>the</strong> three<strong>the</strong>mes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report. Their willingness to give <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir time, and <strong>the</strong>ir responsiveness to requests for revisions at short notice,is very much appreciated. A major case study on <strong>the</strong> application <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘human security’ perspective in <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong>three slum upgrading projects in Afghanistan, Cambodia and Sri Lanka was prepared by Marcello Balbo and Giulia Guadagnoli,Dipartimento di Pianificazione, Università luav di Venezia, Italy, with financial assistance from <strong>the</strong> Government <strong>of</strong> Japan. Casestudies on crime and violence from <strong>the</strong> following cities were prepared: Bradford, UK (Ted Kitchen, Sheffield Hallam University,UK); Durban, South Africa (Oliver Zambuko, Community Development Programme, University <strong>of</strong> KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,South Africa; and Cookie Edwards, KZN Network on Violence against Women, Durban, South Africa); Hong Kong, China(Roderic G. Broadhurst, School <strong>of</strong> Justice, Queensland University <strong>of</strong> Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Lee King Wa and ChanChing Yee, Centre for Criminology, University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong, China); Kingston, Jamaica (Sherrian Gray, Jamaica’s Solution toYouth Lifestyle and Empowerment, US-AID Project, Kingston, Jamaica); Nairobi, Kenya (Grace Masese, Social DevelopmentSection, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Local Government, Nairobi, Kenya); New York, US (Joseli Macedo, Department <strong>of</strong> Urban and RegionalPlanning, University <strong>of</strong> Florida, Gainesville, US); Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (Samuel Boamah, Queensland Department<strong>of</strong> Natural Resources and Water, Brisbane, Australia, and Jane Stanley, Director, FOCUS Pty Limited, Brisbane, Australia); Rio deJaneiro, Brazil (Alba Zaluar, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidad do Estado do Rio de Janeiro); and Toronto, Canada (SaraK. Thompson; and Rosemary Gartner, Centre <strong>of</strong> Criminology, University <strong>of</strong> Toronto, Canada).Case studies on security <strong>of</strong> tenure from <strong>the</strong> following countries/cities were also prepared: Bangkok, Thailand andCambodia (Graeme Bristol, Centre for Architecture and Human Rights, Bangkok, Thailand); Brazil (Leticia Marques Osorio,COHRE); Canada (J. David Hulchanski, Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University <strong>of</strong> Toronto, Canada); China (DavidG. Westendorff, Urbanchina Partners LLC, Shanghai, China); India (Colin Gonsalves, Human Rights <strong>Law</strong> Network, India);Istanbul, Turkey (Robert Neuwirth, author, New York, US); Lagos, Nigeria (Felix C. Morka, Social and Economic Rights ActionCenter, Nigeria); South Africa (Steve Kahanovitz, Legal Resources Centre, South Africa).Finally, case studies on natural and human-made disasters from <strong>the</strong> following countries/cities or events were alsoprepared: Cuba (Martha Thompson, Unitarian Universalist Service Committee, Massachusetts, US); Indian Ocean Tsunami(Sara Rowbottom, New School University, New York, US); Kobe, Japan (Bart Orr, New School University, New York, US);Mexico City (Rachel Nadelman, Caroline A. Nichols, Sara Rowbottom, Sarah Cooper, New School University, New York, US);Mozambique (Lillian Wambui Chege, Christina J. Irene and Bart Orr, New School University, New York, US, and RachelNadelman, New School University, New York, US, and <strong>the</strong> World Bank); Mumbai, India (Stacey Stecko and Nicole Barber,New School University, New York, US); <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands (Bart Orr, Amy Stodghill and Lucia Candu, New School University,New York, US); New Orleans, US (Wendy A. Washington, New School University, New York, US); and Tangshan, China, andCape Town, South Africa (Lyndal Pottier and Tanya Wichmann, Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme(DiMP), University <strong>of</strong> Cape Town, South Africa; Malika Gujrati, John Lindsay and Bart Orr, New School University, New York,US).At UN-Habitat, a number <strong>of</strong> people provided vital support by reviewing and commenting on draft chapters, preparingdraft text for <strong>the</strong> report, or providing o<strong>the</strong>r valued contributions. In particular, <strong>the</strong> following staff provided <strong>the</strong>ir time amidstcompeting demands: Cecilia Andersson, Juma Assiago, Clarissa Augustinus, Szilard Fricska, Sarah Gitau, Carmela Lanza, DanLewis, Erika Lind, Jan Meeuwissen, Philip Mukungu, Laura Petrella, Rasmus Precht, Mariko Sato, Ulrik Westman and BrianWilliams. Gora Mboup provided inputs to <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Statistical Annex, while Julius Majale and Ezekiel Ngureprovided technical assistance in data checking.In addition, many o<strong>the</strong>r people were helpful in reviewing and commenting on drafts, contributing information and in avariety <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r ways. Among <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> following names should be mentioned: Annmarie Barnes, Ministry <strong>of</strong> National Security,Jamaica; Nikita Cassangneres, independent expert, Geneva, Switzerland; Zulma Chardon, University <strong>of</strong> Florida Student HealthCare Center, Gainesville, US; Kate Fox, Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Law</strong> and Society, University <strong>of</strong> Florida, Gainesville, US; Stina Ljungdell,<strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, Switzerland; Diana Clare Mitlin, IDPM (Institute <strong>of</strong> DevelopmentPolicy and Management), University <strong>of</strong> Manchester, UK; Cedrique Mokesun, independent expert, Bangkok, Thailand; BosiboriNyabate, independent expert, Bath, UK; Pali and Cletus Ponsenby, independent experts, Bangkok, Thailand; Fionn Skiotis,COHRE; A. Graham Tipple, Centre for Architectural Research and Development Overseas, University <strong>of</strong> Newcastle upon Tyne,UK; and Paul Wheeler, Gestalt Center for Domestic Abuse, Gainesville, US.Antoine King, Felista Ondari, Karina Rossi, Amrita Jaidka, Mary Dibo and Stella Otieno <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Programme SupportDivision, UN-Habitat; and Margaret Ma<strong>the</strong>nge and Nelly Munovi <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> Office at Nairobi (UNON), providedadministrative support during <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> report. Secretarial and general administrative support was provided byMary Kariuki, Pamela Murage and Naomi Mutiso-Kyalo <strong>of</strong> UN-Habitat.
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe