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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYAND ENDING FORCED EVICTIONSThe objective is to… guarantee that allpersons,everywhere, canenjoy appropriatedegrees of securetenure throughouttheir livesA new … approachto security of tenure… must combinethe laws andprinciples of humanrights and jurisprudencewith the bestof the tried andtested approaches tosecure tenureEnsuring that everyone enjoys the legal and physical protectionsprovided by security of tenure will continue to be oneof the major challenges facing policy- and law-makers in thecoming years. Chapter 5 reviewed some of the currenttrends on secure tenure, while Chapter 6 explored a crosssectionof some of the key policy responses that have beenemployed to address the problem of tenure insecuritythroughout the world today. This chapter expands on thefindings in Chapter 6 and offers a series of proposalsdesigned to strengthen the prospects of security of tenure byfocusing on the human rights dimensions of a status that isincreasingly seen as an enforceable human right.A range of efforts are under way dedicated to tacklingthe global security of tenure crisis. From the GlobalCampaign on Secure Tenure to the work of Cities Allianceand others, and the countless efforts of non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations(CBOs), numerous organizations are now actively seeking toexpand tenure protection around the globe. And yet, giventhe massive scale of the problem, to date these efforts haveeffectively only begun to scratch the surface. Much workthus remains to be done if the goal of security of tenure forall is to be achieved. Moreover, there is a need to worktowards the integration of the many diverse and oftencompeting approaches to providing tenure security (seeChapters 5 and 6). The objective is to address the issue ofsecurity of tenure in the most effective, just and rightsconsistentmanner in order to guarantee that all persons,everywhere, can enjoy appropriate degrees of secure tenurethroughout their lives.In many respects, the eventual outcome of thesediscussions will be highly determinative of the shape of citiesin the future. Whichever approach ends up influencingpolicy-makers from the international to the national and locallevels will have considerable ramifications not only for thecurrent generation of hundreds of millions of people livingunder the constant threat of forced eviction and otherthreats because of their insecurity of tenure, but also forfuture generations, as well. 1 As shown above, there isconsiderable evidence, for instance, that freehold title-basedapproaches to the conferral of security of tenure, whilepossessing many positive features, may, in fact, result ingreater numbers of people being forced into situations oftenure insecurity, both now and certainly in the future.Conversely, continuing to embrace the status quo will alsosurely lead to increased levels of insecure tenure. Whilevarious approaches presented in the past have been criticizedas overly simplistic and potentially harmful to therights of the poor, it seems timely to consider whether moreflexible and innovative approaches to secure tenure or someother path might stand the best chance of achieving themost desired outcome.This chapter provides an overview of the mainelements of a human-rights based approach, focusing on acomprehensive understanding of the interrelationshipsbetween housing, land and property rights. It calls forenhanced efforts to support and develop innovativeapproaches to tenure, taking into account the wide range ofexperiences from all over the world, and it calls for enhancedefforts to combat homelessness. This is followed by a discussionof the roles and potential contributions of localauthorities and an overview of how the obligations of nonstateactors can be strengthened and clarified. The last partof the chapter provides a set of recommendations for futureaction to end forced evictions and enhance security oftenure.A HUMAN RIGHTS–HUMANSECURITY APPROACH TOSECURITY OF TENUREWhat is needed in the coming years, therefore, is a new,more nuanced approach to security of tenure. Such a newapproach must combine the laws and principles of humanrights and jurisprudence with the best of the tried andtested approaches to secure tenure (i.e. those that haveactually yielded the most concrete results in practice):formal and informal, legal and illegal, and modern andcustomary. Thus, it must incorporate the positive attributesof each view of tenure within a consolidated package – anew and more refined set of measures that can be employedto steadily increase the degree to which security of tenure isenjoyed by everyone. The eventual emergence of such anintegral approach to the question of tenure should be given