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166Natural and human-made disastersThis part of the report considers the multiple aspectsof risk in urban areas today associated with natural andhuman-made disasters. In doing so, Chapter 7 provides anoverview of global trends in the incidence and impacts ofnatural and human-made disasters, as well as those urbanprocesses that contribute to the generation of risk.Subsequently, Chapter 8 reviews existing policy approachesfor reducing disaster risk and incorporating risk reductionwithin urban management and disaster response and reconstruction.Chapter 9 then examines the trends – includingpolicy trends – and impacts of road traffic accidents as anexample of hazards threatening the safety and security ofurban dwellers on a day-to-day basis.
7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,TRENDS AND IMPACTSDisasters in urban areas are experienced when life supportsystems fail in the face of pressure from external stress,resulting in loss of life, damage to property and the underminingof livelihoods. However, they are not natural eventsor ‘acts of God’, but products of failed development. For themajority of people at risk, loss to disaster is determined moreby processes and experiences of urban development andgovernance than by the physical processes that shape naturalor human-made hazards.This chapter presents an overview of global trends inthe incidence and impacts on cities of disasters associatedwith natural and human-made hazards. In this context,natural hazards include earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis,tornadoes, landslides, floods, volcanic eruptions andwindstorms, while human-made hazards encompass explosionsand chemical releases. However, the conceptualdistinction between disasters associated with natural andhuman-made hazards is increasingly becoming blurred, asmany human actions and practices, such as the constructionof human settlements in flood-prone areas or on the slopesof active volcanoes, exacerbate human-made hazards. Whilethe focus here is primarily on large-scale disasters that registerdirect impacts at the community level and above, thecharacteristics of small-scale disasters whose impacts arelargely felt at the individual or household levels arereviewed.Epidemic diseases and environmental health are notdiscussed herewith, nor are acts of war. This is becausewhile these forms of stress impact upon the built environment,human health and political systems, the balance ofimpact is different in each case. It is natural and humanmadehazards that most frequently threaten urbansustainability through damage to buildings and critical infrastructure.The focus on natural and human-made disastersalso responds to global trends in increasing numbers of suchevents, in people affected and made homeless by disaster,and in the economic impacts of disaster, especially on thepoor and marginalized.An overview of the relationships between urbanizationand disaster risk, human vulnerability and loss (oroutcome) is presented below, once key disaster terms aredefined. This is followed by a detailed discussion of thedistribution of disaster loss associated with natural andhuman-made hazards worldwide and across cities. Theeconomic and social outcomes, or impacts, of disasters,including the disproportionate impacts on the poor andmarginalized, the aged, the very young and women, are thenreviewed. Subsequently, factors generating urban disasterrisk and contributing to human vulnerability, includingmodification of the urban environment, planning andconstruction techniques, urban finance and poverty, areexamined. Finally, a regional comparison illustrates variationin conditions, trends and impacts of urban disaster riskglobally.DISASTER TERMINOLOGYIn addition to the terms introduced in Chapters 1 and 2,terminology specific to disaster risk is first presented here toidentify what a disaster is and its component parts, and thento identify elements of disaster risk management (see Box7.1). It is important not to confuse the definition of termshere with meanings attributed to these terms in sister disciplines.For example, in the international developmentcommunity, ‘vulnerability’ is commonly used in reference toeconomic poverty, whereas here vulnerability refers toexposure and susceptibility to harm from natural or humanmadehazards, also referred to as ‘risky events’ in theconceptual framework presented in Chapter 2.A disaster is understood here to be the outcome of avulnerable individual or society being hit by a human-madeor natural hazard. The vulnerability of an individual orsociety is reduced through short-term coping and longertermadaptation that adjust human actions to minimize riskimpacts or outcomes.Disaster management is seen as best undertakenthrough a disaster risk reduction approach. Here, disasterrisk is addressed at a number of stages. Before hazards occur,underlying physical and technological processes can becontained through mitigation. Unfortunately, in mostsocieties, mitigation is not sufficient and residual hazardremains. Reducing risk from residual hazard requirespreparedness, including education, risk assessment and earlywarning and evacuation planning. Disaster response takesplace in the first hours and days after a disaster and
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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Page 166 and 167: 132Security of tenureControl of lan
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Page 170 and 171: 136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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Page 178 and 179: 144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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Page 182 and 183: 148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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Page 199: Introduction165One of the key trend
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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