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108Urban crime and violenceVanderschueren, 1996;Allen, 1997; Baker, 2002;Adinkrah, 2005; Nwankwo,2005.66 Vanderschueren, 1996.67 Michau and Naker, 2003.68 Ibid, 2003.69 For example, see theWomen in CitiesInternational website atwww.womenincities.org.70 For example, Women inCities International, togetherwith their partners, organizeda programme of eventsacross the five days of theWorld Urban Forum inVancouver in June 2006,which amounted, in total, to17 advertised sessions.71 UN-Habitat, undated, p5.72 Durban case study undertakenfor this Global Report(Zambuko and Edwards,2007).73 Reliable internationalcomparisons in relation tothis statement are very difficultto find because ofdifferences in the ways inwhich data is recorded.74 Kingston case study (Gray,2007). In this instance, thecommunity of Grants Penhad not recorded a singlemurder during 2006 untilthe point when this casestudy was drafted. This goesagainst the trend formurders in Jamaica, whichrose from 8.1 per 100,000people in 1970 to 40 per100,000 in 2002, and 64 per100,000 in 2005, makingJamaica one of the nationswith the highest rates ofmurders in the world.75 The community in questionis Barrio Luis FanorHernandez.76 Rodgers, 2005.77 Presentation by RobertLawson at the networkingevent Security and Safety:Public Policies, UrbanPractices, at the WorldUrban Forum, Vancouver, 20June 2006. Lawson suggestedthat the average age ofrecruitment to gangs inColombia was 11 to 14years, and that the gangs thatthese young people joinedwere often better armedthan the police.78 See, for example, the discussionathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violence.79 Although, as yet, thisapproach does not seem tohave been widely attemptedin public programmesdesigned to address crimeand violence, the initialexperience of theprogrammes recently institutedin Kingston (Jamaica)suggests that non-violentprocesses of conflict resolutioncan be utilizedeffectively in such circumstances.80 UNESCO, 2002.81 The Rio de Janeiro casestudy prepared for thisvolume (Zaluar, 2007)underlines the significance ofthese considerations when itpoints to the importance ofimproving schooling as oneof the central themes ofefforts to get young peoplein the city away from a life ofcrime and violence.82 US Department of Justice,1997. See also the discussionpaper athttp://www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS/actguid/conflct.html.83 US Department of Justice,1997.84 Florida Department ofEducation, 2003.85 US Department of Justice,1997.86 Manso et al, 2005.87 Durban case study undertakenfor this Global Report(Zambuko and Edwards,2007).88 UN-Habitat, undated,pp11–12.89 One of the well-knownexamples of a partnershipprocess in the field of crimeprevention are the statutorycrime and disorder reductionpartnerships introducedin England as a result of the1998 Crime and DisorderAct.90 Schneider and Kitchen, 2007.91 Town et al, 2003; Poyner2006.92 Schneider and Kitchen, 2007,Chapter 4.93 Hong Kong case studyprepared by Broadhurst etal, 2007.94 UN-Habitat, 2006b, p23.95 Sherman et al, 1997.