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List of figures, boxes and tablesxxiii10.4 The place of non-traditional approaches to crime and violence in UN-Habitat Safer Cities programmes 25010.5 Major difficulties encountered in implementing Safer Cities strategies in African cities, to date 25911.1 Islamic law and security of tenure 26311.2 The right to housing in international law 26411.3 The Pinheiro Principles: Provision against evictions 26511.4 Defining human security 26611.5 The indivisibility of human rights 26711.6 Eviction prevention in Pom Mahakan, Bangkok 26911.7 The UK Homeless Persons Act 27111.8 Brazil’s City Statute 27211.9 Private-sector companies and human rights violations 27311.10 The Habitat Agenda: Recommendations on secure tenure 27411.11 The Bathurst Declaration on Land Administration for Sustainable Development 27411.12 The Fukuoka Declaration 27512.1 National initiatives to integrate urban disaster risk reduction and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 27912.2 The Habitat Agenda: International commitments for action to reduce urban disaster risk 28012.3 The UN-Habitat Framework for Sustainable Relief and Reconstruction 28112.4 Integrating disaster risk reduction, urban planning and housing in El Salvador 28312.5 Using geographic information systems (GIS) for risk mapping 28512.6 Monitoring, Mapping and Analysis of Disaster Incidents in South Africa (MANDISA): An urban fireinventory for small disasters in Cape Town, South Africa 28512.7 Revealing the advantages of disaster risk reduction through cost–benefit analysis 28612.8 Elements of successful reform for disaster risk reduction legislation 28712.9 City government support for retrofitting: Tokyo Metropolitan government 28812.10 Professional training in urban risk management: The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) story 28912.11 Early warning in a multi-hazard risk environment: Experience from Mexico 29112.12 Lessons learned for knowledge management and evacuation planning during Hurricane Rita, US (2005) 29212.13 Integrated Urban Emergency Response Center, Nanning, China 29312.14 Natural disaster training to build trust in Bosnia Herzegovina 29412.15 Insurance policies and disaster loss in Kobe, Japan 29512.16 Community participation: Lessons from the Maharashtra Emergency Earthquake RehabilitationProgramme, India 29612.17 Education centres as evacuation resources for the US Gulf Coast 29712.18 World Disaster Reduction Campaign: Disaster Risk Reduction Begins at School 298TABLES1.1 Contemporary world urban transformation 92.1 Vulnerability as a conceptual framework: Risk, response and outcome 252.2 Distribution of world population as a function of distance from the nearest coastline 283.1 Roadmap of categories, types and manifestations of violence in urban areas 513.2 The most corrupt sectors by region 613.3 Regional mean scores and ranks on the Organized Crime Perception Index (OCPI) (rank numbers of regions) 623.4 Examples of major terrorist incidents since 1997 663.5 Estimated global violence-related deaths (2000) 683.6 Impact of the World Trade Center attack on New York City as of June 2002 805.1 A general typology of land tenure and property rights 1165.2 The urbanization of poverty: The growth of slum populations (1990–202) 1215.3 Urban tenure insecurity by region (percentage) 1225.4 A selection of major urban eviction cases since 1985 1245.5 Estimated number of people subjected to forced evictions by region 1257.1 Small and large disasters 1697.2 Global extent and impacts of disasters by hazard type (total 1996–2005) 1697.3 Selected recent natural disasters affecting human settlements (1972–2005) 1717.4 Selected recent human-made disasters affecting human settlements (1984–2006) 1727.5 Comparative exposure to large natural hazards for 50 cities 1767.6 Primary and secondary hazards 1787.7 Economic impacts of disasters by hazard type 1797.8 Natural disasters and socio-political change 182