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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and SecurityPART IIURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCEIntroduction 453 Urban Crime and Violence: Conditions and Trends 49Analytical Frameworks for the Chapter 49Crime and violence as predictable phenomena 49Cultures of fear and the media 49International legal frameworks and trends 50Formal and informal institutions 50Key concepts and terms 50The linkage of crime and violence 51Contact crimes 51Property crimes 52Crimes against public order 52Data issues 52The Incidence and Variability of Crime and Violence 53Global and regional crime conditions and trends 53National crime conditions and trends 53Homicides at global and regional levels 54Homicides trends in cities 54Fear of crime and violence 55Robbery 56Burglary 56Intimate partner violence and child abuse 57Street children 58Corruption 59The Corruption Perceptions Index 59The Global Corruption Barometer 59Organized crime 60Illicit drug trafficking and use 61Arms trafficking 62Human trafficking 63Origin, transit and destination points 63Youth and territory-based gangs 64Youth homicides 65Urban terrorism 65Recent trends in the incidence of urban terrorism 66Factors Underlying Crime and Violence 66Social and cultural factors 66Poverty 67Inequality 67Pace of urbanization 68City size and density 68Poor urban planning, design and management 69Demographics: Youthful population growth 70Other factors associated with youth crime 70Youth unemployment 70Deportation of offending criminals 71Transition towards democratization 71Impacts of Crime and Violence 72Impacts of crime and violence: Victim categories 72Impacts on most vulnerable victims 72Impacts of the fear of crime 73National impacts of crime and violence 73Impacts of contact crimes on economic and health systems 74Impacts of property crime on buildings and property values 74