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354Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE B.3continuedLevel of urbanizationUrban slum dwellersEstimates and projections Rate of change Estimates and projections % of urban Slum projection(%) (%) (000) population Target 11 (000)1990 2000 2010 2020 1990- 2010- 1990 2001 2010 2020 1990 2001 2010 20202010 2020Ukraine 66.8 67.1 68.9 71.7 0.16 0.40 … … … … … … … …United Kingdom 88.7 89.4 90.1 91.1 0.08 0.11 … … … … … … … …LATIN AMERICA ANDTHE CARIBBEAN 70.9 75.4 79.1 81.9 0.54 0.35 110,837 127,566 143,116 162,626 35.4 31.9 137,174 149,913Anguilla 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 3 5 7 10 40.6 40.6 7 9Antigua and Barbuda 35.4 37.3 41.6 48.1 0.80 1.46 2 2 2 2 6.9 6.9 2 2Argentina 87.0 89.2 90.9 92.2 0.22 0.14 8,597 10,964 13,379 16,690 30.5 33.1 12,844 15,486Aruba 50.3 46.7 46.9 48.8 -0.35 0.40 1 1 2 2 … … 1 2Bahamas 83.6 88.8 91.5 92.8 0.45 0.14 4 5 7 8 … … 6 8Barbados 44.8 49.9 55.7 61.8 1.09 1.05 1 1 2 2 … … 1 2Belize 47.5 47.7 49.4 53.5 0.20 0.79 48 69 92 127 54.2 62.0 88 119Bolivia 55.6 61.8 66.5 71.0 0.90 0.65 2,555 3,284 4,032 5,064 70.0 61.3 3,871 4,701Brazil 74.8 81.2 86.5 89.5 0.73 0.34 49,806 51,676 53,259 55,074 45.0 36.6 50,958 50,392British Virgin Islands 50.2 57.3 63.6 69.1 1.18 0.83 0 0 1 1 … … 1 1Cayman Islands 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 1 1 1 2 … … 1 2Chile 83.3 85.9 89.0 91.0 0.33 0.22 432 1,143 2,534 6,136 4.0 8.6 2,456 5,868Colombia 68.7 71.2 74.2 77.3 0.38 0.40 6,239 7,057 7,806 8,732 26.0 21.8 7,480 8,039Costa Rica 50.7 59.0 64.3 69.3 1.19 0.74 195 313 461 710 11.9 12.8 444 667Cuba 73.4 75.6 74.8 75.0 0.10 0.03 156 169 180 194 … … 173 178Dominica 67.7 71.1 74.6 78.1 0.49 0.46 8 7 6 6 16.6 14.0 6 5Dominican Republic 55.2 62.4 70.5 76.2 1.22 0.78 2,327 2,111 1,950 1,785 56.4 37.6 1,861 1,615Ecuador 55.1 60.3 65.2 69.9 0.84 0.69 1,588 2,095 2,629 3,382 28.1 25.6 2,525 3,144El Salvador 49.2 58.4 61.3 65.2 1.10 0.61 1,126 1,386 1,644 1,986 44.7 35.2 1,577 1,839Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 74.5 85.8 92.9 95.4 1.10 0.27 … … … … … … … …French Guiana 74.5 75.1 76.4 78.6 0.12 0.29 11 16 23 32 12.9 12.9 22 30Grenada 32.2 31.0 31.0 34.2 -0.19 0.98 2 2 3 3 6.9 6.9 3 3Guadeloupe 98.5 99.6 99.8 99.9 0.07 0.01 27 30 33 36 6.9 6.9 31 33Guatemala 41.1 45.1 49.5 54.7 0.92 1.00 2,192 2,884 3,609 4,632 65.8 61.8 3,467 4,305Guyana 29.5 28.6 28.5 31.2 -0.18 0.90 12 14 16 18 4.9 4.9 15 16Haiti 29.5 35.6 42.1 49.0 1.78 1.52 1,728 2,574 3,568 5,128 84.9 85.7 3,434 4,799Honduras 40.3 44.4 48.8 54.3 0.97 1.05 488 638 793 1,012 24.0 18.1 762 940Jamaica 49.4 51.8 54.7 59.0 0.51 0.75 356 525 721 1,026 29.2 35.7 693 959Martinique 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 0.02 0.02 6 7 8 9 … … 8 8Mexico 72.5 74.7 77.3 80.1 0.33 0.35 13,923 14,692 15,353 16,123 23.1 19.6 14,694 14,771Montserrat 12.5 11.0 14.3 16.9 0.64 1.71 … … … … … … … …Netherlands Antilles 68.3 69.3 71.7 75.3 0.24 0.48 1 2 2 2 … … 2 2Nicaragua 53.1 57.2 60.9 65.1 0.69 0.67 1,638 2,382 3,237 4,550 80.7 80.9 3,114 4,253Panama 53.9 65.8 74.8 80.3 1.64 0.71 397 505 615 766 30.8 30.8 591 711Paraguay 48.7 55.3 61.5 67.1 1.17 0.87 756 797 832 873 36.8 25.0 796 800Peru 68.9 71.6 73.7 76.3 0.34 0.34 8,979 12,993 17,581 24,601 60.4 68.1 16,911 22,988Puerto Rico 72.2 94.6 98.8 99.5 1.57 0.07 50 59 68 80 … … 66 74Saint Kitts and Nevis 34.6 32.8 32.4 35.4 -0.33 0.88 1 1 1 1 … … 1 1Saint Lucia 29.3 28.0 28.0 30.6 -0.24 0.90 6 7 8 9 11.9 11.9 7 8Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 40.6 44.4 47.8 52.6 0.81 0.96 2 3 4 6 … … 4 6Suriname 68.3 72.1 75.6 79.0 0.51 0.43 18 22 25 29 6.9 6.9 24 27Trinidad and Tobago 8.5 10.8 13.9 18.1 2.43 2.66 292 310 326 344 34.7 32.0 312 315Turks and Caicos Islands 42.6 43.5 45.2 49.1 0.30 0.84 … … … … … … … …United States Virgin Islands 87.7 92.6 95.3 96.5 0.41 0.12 1 4 13 49 … … 13 47Uruguay 89.0 91.3 92.5 93.5 0.20 0.11 191 62 24 9 6.9 2.0 23 6Venezuela 84.0 91.1 94.9 96.5 0.61 0.16 6,664 8,738 10,906 13,952 40.7 40.7 10,475 12,967NORTHERN AMERICA 75.4 79.1 82.1 84.6 0.43 0.30 … … … … … … … …Bermuda 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 … … … … … … … …Canada 76.6 79.4 80.7 82.3 0.26 0.20 … … … … … … … …Greenland 79.7 81.6 84.3 86.5 0.28 0.27 8 9 9 9 18.5 18.5 8 8Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon 88.9 88.9 89.3 90.2 0.02 0.10 1 1 … … 8.7 8.7 … …United States of America 75.3 79.1 82.3 84.9 0.44 0.31 … … … … … … … …OCEANIA 70.3 70.5 71.2 72.3 0.06 0.15 … … … … … … … …American Samoa 80.9 88.8 93.0 94.8 0.69 0.20 … … … … … … … …Australia 85.4 87.2 89.1 90.6 0.21 0.17 … … … … … … … …Cook Islands 56.9 65.2 73.8 79.0 1.30 0.68 … … … … … … … …Fiji 41.6 48.3 53.4 58.8 1.25 0.96 … … … … … … … …French Polynesia 55.9 52.4 51.6 53.8 -0.40 0.42 … … … … … … … …Guam 90.8 93.2 94.7 95.7 0.21 0.10 … … … … … … … …Kiribati 35.0 43.0 51.5 59.0 1.93 1.35 … … … … … … … …Marshall Islands 64.7 65.8 67.8 71.1 0.24 0.47 … … … … … … … …Micronesia (Fed. States of) 25.8 22.3 22.7 25.1 -0.65 1.02 … … … … … … … …Nauru 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.00 0.00 … … … … … … … …New Caledonia 59.6 61.9 65.5 69.4 0.47 0.57 … … … … … … … …New Zealand 84.7 85.7 86.8 88.1 0.12 0.15 … … … … … … … …Niue 30.9 33.7 39.9 46.7 1.28 1.57 … … … … … … … …Northern Mariana Islands 89.8 93.3 95.3 96.3 0.30 0.11 … … … … … … … …Palau 69.6 69.6 70.1 72.1 0.03 0.28 … … … … … … … …Papua New Guinea 13.1 13.2 14.0 16.5 0.30 1.70 … … … … … … … …Pitcairn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. … … … … … … … …Samoa 21.2 21.9 23.4 27.1 0.49 1.45 … … … … … … … …Solomon Islands 13.7 15.7 18.6 23.0 1.52 2.14 … … … … … … … …Tokelau 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. … … … … … … … …
Data tables355TABLE B.3continuedLevel of urbanizationUrban slum dwellersEstimates and projections Rate of change Estimates and projections % of urban Slum projection(%) (%) (000) population Target 11 (000)1990 2000 2010 2020 1990- 2010- 1990 2001 2010 2020 1990 2001 2010 20202010 2020Tonga 22.7 23.2 25.3 30.1 0.55 1.73 … … … … … … … …Tuvalu 40.7 46.0 50.4 55.6 1.08 0.98 … … … … … … … …Vanuatu 18.7 21.7 25.6 31.0 1.56 1.93 … … … … … … … …Wallis and Futuna Islands 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. … … … … … … … …Sources: UN Population Division, 2006; UN-Habitat, 2006
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xxxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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Page 338 and 339: 304Summary of case studiesSince its
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Page 342 and 343: 308Summary of case studiestions wit
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Page 346 and 347: 312Summary of case studiesothers. O
Page 348 and 349: 314Summary of case studiespurposes.
Page 350 and 351: 316Summary of case studiesThese eff
Page 352 and 353: 318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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Page 358 and 359: 324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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Page 364 and 365: 330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
Page 366 and 367: 332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
Page 368 and 369: 334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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