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396Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE C.4Housing Indicators in Selected Cities (1998)Housing rights Housing Rent Access Household connection ****price to to to (%)Legal Impediments to women ++ income * income ** water ***provisions + x = none o = some (ratio) (ratio) (%)+ = considerableA B A B C A B C DAFRICAAlgeria Algiers Yes Yes x x x … … … … … … …Benin Cotonou Yes No o o x … … 70.0 45.0 13.0 50.0 18.6Benin Parakou Yes No o o x 2.9 36.3 90.0 20.0 3.4 45.3 …Benin Porto-Novo Yes No o o x 2.9 … 85.0 35.0 … 60.0 6.4Botswana Gaborone No No o o o … … 100.0 … … … …Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso Yes Yes … … … … … 72.0 24.0 … 29.3 5.7Burkina Faso Koudougou Yes Yes … … … … … 79.0 30.0 … 25.8 7.4Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Yes Yes … … … … … 77.0 30.0 … 47.1 10.7Burundi Bujumbura Yes Yes o + o 7.5 … 95.0 25.8 61.7 56.7 18.9Cameroon Douala Yes Yes o + o 13.4 … 84.4 34.2 1.2 94.9 9.4Cameroon Yaounde Yes Yes o + o … … 84.4 34.2 1.2 94.9 9.4Central African Republic Bangui Yes No o o + … … 30.0 30.6 … 17.8 11.1Chad N’Djamena Yes Yes o x + … 21.0 22.0 42.0 … 13.3 6.0Congo Brazzaville Yes No + + o … … 96.6 55.5 0.1 52.3 18.4Congo Pointe-Noire Yes No o o + … … 74.3 66.5 3.1 43.6 12.0Côte d’Ivoire Abidjan Yes Yes x x o 18.0 9.9 92.1 26.3 14.6 40.7 5.0Côte d’Ivoire Yamoussoukro Yes Yes + + x … … 79.0 7.9 5.7 10.5 6.6Dem. Rep. of Congo Kinshasa Yes Yes x o o … … 72.3 72.3 … 66.2 1.2Egypt Ismailia Yes Yes x x x 5.4 21.0 99.6 99.6 95.5 99.8 80.0Egypt Tanta Yes Yes x x x 23.1 25.3 … … … … …Ethiopia Addis Ababa Yes Yes x x x … … … 32.3 0.0 49.4 15.7Gabon Libreville Yes Yes o o o … … 60.0 55.0 … 95.0 45.0Gabon Port-Gentil Yes No + + + … … … 48.0 … … …Gambia Banjul Yes No x x x 11.4 12.4 79.0 22.5 12.4 24.0 …Ghana Accra Yes No x x x 14.0 21.1 … … … … …Ghana Kumasi Yes No x x x 11.6 20.8 65.0 65.0 … 95.0 51.0Guinea Conakry Yes Yes x o x … … 79.5 29.7 32.3 53.8 5.6Kenya Kisumu Yes Yes o o x 8.5 … 93.3 38.0 31.0 49.0 …Kenya Mombasa Yes Yes o o x … … 100.0 … … … …Kenya Nairobi Yes Yes o o x … … … … … … …Lesotho Maseru Yes No + x o … … 70.0 41.0 10.0 13.0 10.0Liberia Monrovia Yes Yes x x x 28.0 … 46.0 .. .. .. ..Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Tripoli Yes Yes x x x 0.8 … 97.0 97.0 89.9 99.0 6.3Madagascar Antananarivo Yes Yes x x x 13.9 30.0 89.0 38.5 27.5 73.0 14.5Malawi Lilongwe Yes Yes x o .. … … 60.0 65.0 12.0 50.0 10.0Mali Bamako Yes Yes o o x … … 82.3 38.4 1.5 61.2 3.0Mauritania Nouakchott Yes No x x x 5.4 … 16.0 … … … …Morocco Casablanca Yes Yes o o o … … 95.0 83.0 93.0 91.0 …Morocco Rabat Yes Yes o o o … … 95.9 92.8 97.2 52.0 …Mozambique Maputo Yes Yes + x x 20.0 … 49.6 21.8 25.6 37.8 13.6Namibia Windhoek Yes Yes o o x … … 97.0 97.0 90.0 … …Niger Maradi Yes Yes o x + … … … 14.6 … 14.1 …Niger Niamey Yes Yes o x + … … … 33.2 … 51.0 3.7Nigeria Ibadan … … x x x … … 25.7 25.7 12.1 41.4 …Nigeria Lagos … … x x x … … 25.7 … … 41.4 …Rwanda Kigali Yes Yes x + x 11.4 … 79.0 36.0 20.0 57.0 6.0Senegal Bignona Yes No o x o 2.5 5.8 38.9 17.6 .. 25.3 8.0Senegal Dakar Yes Yes x x x 3.5 14.6 91.4 77.0 43.1 89.3 40.8Senegal Thies Yes No o x o 2.9 17.3 64.1 57.2 1.2 74.2 12.8South Africa Durban Yes Yes … … … … … … … … … …South Africa East Rand Yes Yes o o … … … 20.0 40.0 43.0 38.0 …South Africa Port Elizabeth Yes Yes … … … 10.6 … 100.0 74.0 73.0 … …Togo Lome Yes Yes x x x … 8.3 80.0 … 70.0 51.0 18.0Togo Sokode Yes Yes x x x 1.4 7.1 70.0 6.0 45.0 31.0 10.0Tunisia Tunis Yes Yes x x x 5.0 20.3 97.4 75.2 47.2 94.6 26.8Uganda Entebbe Yes Yes o + o 10.4 … 56.0 48.0 13.0 42.0 …Uganda Jinja Yes Yes o + o 15.4 6.0 78.0 65.0 43.0 55.0 5.0Zimbabwe Bulawayo Yes Yes x x x … … 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.0 …Zimbabwe Chegutu Yes No x x x 3.4 … … 100.0 68.0 9.0 3.0Zimbabwe Gweru Yes No x o x … … 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 60.9Zimbabwe Harare Yes Yes o o x … … 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.0 42.0Zimbabwe Mutare Yes No x x x … … 100.0 88.0 88.0 74.0 4.0ASIAArmenia Yerevan No No … … … 4.0 6.6 97.9 97.9 98.0 100.0 88.1Bangladesh Chittagong Yes Yes x x x 8.1 9.2 100.0 44.0 … 95.0 …Bangladesh Dhaka Yes Yes x x x 16.7 … 99.1 60.0 22.0 90.0 7.0Bangladesh Sylhet Yes Yes x x x 6.0 … 100.0 28.8 … 93.0 39.6Bangladesh Tangail Yes Yes x x x 13.9 4.6 100.0 11.6 … 90.0 11.5Cambodia Phnom Penh Yes No o o o 8.9 … 85.4 44.7 74.9 75.5 40.0Georgia Tbilisi … … x x x 9.4 … 91.9 … 98.0 100.0 57.9India Alwar Yes Yes … … … … … … … … … …India Bangalore Yes Yes x x x 13.8 … 82.9 22.5 20.8 98.3 44.5India Chennai Yes Yes x x x 7.7 14.6 94.0 51.3 55.5 … 60.4India Delhi Yes Yes + + + … … 78.6 58.5 55.0 82.2 0.0India Mysore Yes Yes x x x 4.7 26.1 92.5 44.4 68.0 82.8 33.6
Data tables397TABLE C.4continuedHousing rights Housing Rent Access Household connection ****price to to to (%)Legal Impediments to women ++ income * income ** water ***provisions + x = none o = some (ratio) (ratio) (%)+ = considerableA B A B C A B C DIndonesia Bandung Yes Yes x x x 7.6 … 90.0 … 55.0 99.0 …Indonesia Jakarta Yes Yes x x x 14.6 … 91.4 50.3 64.8 99.0 …Indonesia Semarang Yes Yes x x x … … 89.7 34.0 … 85.2 …Indonesia Surabaya Yes Yes x x x 3.4 19.0 94.3 40.9 55.8 89.2 70.8Iraq Baghdad No No x x x … … … … … … …Japan Tokyo Yes Yes x x x 5.6 2.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2Jordan Amman Yes Yes x x x 6.1 16.7 98.0 97.7 81.3 98.5 62.0Kazakhstan Astana Yes No x x x 8.6 9.9 94.3 84.1 83.9 100.0 58.3Kuwait Kuwait Yes Yes x x x 6.5 27.8 100.0 100.0 98.0 100.0 98.0Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Yes Yes x x x … … 75.0 29.7 23.3 99.9 19.8Lao PDR Vientiane Yes Yes x x x 23.2 10.0 95.0 87.0 … 100.0 86.8Lebanon Sin El Fil Yes Yes x x x 8.3 28.6 80.0 80.0 30.0 98.0 80.0Malaysia Penang Yes Yes x x x 7.2 4.9 99.9 99.1 … 100.0 98.0Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Yes Yes x x x 7.8 … 90.3 60.0 60.0 100.0 90.0Myanmar Yangon No No x x x 8.3 15.4 95.0 77.8 81.2 85.0 17.3Nepal Butwal Yes No x x x 10.3 … 80.0 33.7 … 80.0 10.0Nepal Pokhara Yes No x x x 21.6 34.0 80.0 41.4 … 75.0 11.3Occupied Palestine Territory Gaza Yes Yes + + o 5.4 … … 85.4 37.9 99.0 37.7Oman Muscat Yes Yes x x x … … 80.0 80.0 90.0 89.0 53.0Pakistan Karachi No No + + + 13.7 … 89.5 82.4 85.0 98.4 …Pakistan Lahore No No + + + 7.1 23.3 100.0 96.4 78.0 97.1 70.0Philippines Cebu Yes Yes x x x 13.3 … 98.2 41.4 92.3 80.0 25.0Qatar Doha No No x x x … … … … … … …Republic of Korea Hanam Yes Yes o o o 3.7 13.9 81.1 81.1 67.9 100.0 100.0Republic of Korea Pusan Yes Yes o o o 4.0 … 99.9 97.9 69.4 100.0 100.0Republic of Korea Seoul Yes Yes o o o 5.7 … 99.9 99.9 98.6 100.0 …Singapore Singapore Yes No x x x 3.1 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Sri Lanka Colombo Yes Yes o x x … … … 22.9 76.0 96.0 26.0Syrian Arab Rep. Damascus Yes Yes x x x 10.3 … 98.4 98.4 71.0 95.0 9.9Thailand Bangkok Yes No x x x 8.8 22.2 … 99.0 100.0 99.8 59.7Thailand Chiang Mai Yes No o o o 6.8 25.0 99.0 95.0 60.0 100.0 75.0Turkey Ankara Yes Yes x x x 4.5 24.0 97.0 97.0 98.5 100.0 …Vietnam Hanoi Yes Yes x x x … … 100.0 70.0 50.0 100.0 60.0Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Yes Yes x x x … … 90.0 59.0 30.0 99.7 21.2Yemen Sana’a Yes Yes x x x … … 30.4 30.4 9.4 96.0 …EUROPEAlbania Tirana Yes Yes x x x … … 62.6 62.6 … 99.5 12.6Belarus Minsk Yes Yes x x x … … … 99.3 98.4 100.0 87.2Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo No No x x x … … 95.0 95.0 90.0 100.0 …Bulgaria Bourgas Yes Yes x x x 5.1 3.9 100.0 100.0 93.0 100.0 144.4Bulgaria Sofia Yes Yes x x x 13.2 … 100.0 95.4 90.5 100.0 89.0Bulgaria Troyan Yes Yes x x x 3.7 2.0 100.0 99.0 82.0 100.0 44.8Bulgaria Veliko Tarnovo Yes Yes x x x 5.4 3.3 100.0 98.4 97.6 100.0 96.0Croatia Zagreb Yes Yes o o o 7.8 … 98.0 97.5 96.9 99.7 94.0Czech Republic Brno Yes Yes x x x … … 99.5 99.5 95.6 100.0 68.5Czech Republic Prague Yes Yes x x x … … 100.0 98.9 99.7 100.0 99.5Estonia Riik Yes Yes x x x … … 91.6 91.6 90.2 98.0 55.0Estonia Tallinn Yes Yes x x x 6.4 7.0 98.0 98.1 98.1 100.0 85.5Germany Berlin … … … … … … … 100.0 99.9 … … …Germany Cologne … … … … … 4.3 … 100.0 100.0 … … …Germany Duisburg … … … … … 3.2 … 100.0 100.0 … … …Germany Erfurt … … … … … 2.6 … 100.0 100.0 … … …Germany Freiburg … … … … … … … 100.0 100.0 … … …Germany Leipzig … … … … … 3.2 … 100.0 100.0 … … …Germany Wiesbaden … … … … … … … 100.0 100.0 … … …Hungary Budapest Yes No x x x 3.6 11.8 100.0 98.3 90.7 100.0 84.0Italy Aversa … … x x x 3.5 … 100.0 … … … …Latvia Riga No No x x x 4.7 0.9 99.9 95.0 93.0 99.9 90.0Lithuania Vilnius No Yes o x x 20.0 … 89.4 89.4 89.1 100.0 77.0Netherlands Amsterdam … … … … … 7.8 17.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 …Netherlands Eindhoven … … x x x 5.6 16.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 …Netherlands Meppel … … x x x 4.5 15.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 …Poland Bydgoszcz Yes Yes x x x 4.3 18.8 94.9 94.6 87.1 100.0 84.9Poland Gdansk Yes Yes x x x 4.4 7.4 100.0 98.7 94.0 99.6 56.2Poland Katowice Yes Yes x x x 1.7 5.2 100.0 99.1 94.4 100.0 75.2Poland Poznan Yes Yes x x x 5.8 18.4 100.0 94.9 96.4 99.9 85.5Republic of Moldova Chisinau Yes Yes o o + … … 100.0 100.0 95.0 100.0 83.0Russian Federation Astrakhan Yes Yes x x x 5.0 13.8 100.0 81.0 79.0 100.0 51.0Russian Federation Belgorod Yes Yes x x x 4.0 6.4 100.0 90.0 89.0 100.0 51.0Russian Federation Kostroma Yes Yes x x x 6.9 12.4 100.0 88.0 84.0 100.0 46.3Russian Federation Moscow Yes Yes x x x 5.1 5.2 100.0 99.8 99.8 100.0 100.0Russian Federation Nizhny Novgorod Yes Yes x x x 6.9 7.8 100.0 98.4 98.0 100.0 63.7Russian Federation Novomoscowsk Yes Yes x x x 4.2 7.1 100.0 99.0 93.0 100.0 62.0Russian Federation Omsk Yes Yes x x x 3.9 12.8 100.0 87.0 87.0 100.0 41.0Russian Federation Pushkin Yes Yes x x x 9.6 7.2 100.0 99.0 99.0 100.0 89.0Russian Federation Surgut Yes Yes x x x 4.5 8.8 100.0 98.4 98.4 100.0 50.1
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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Page 380 and 381: 346Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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Page 471 and 472: Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Page 477 and 478: Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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