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ContentsxvThe global incidence of disaster risk and loss 172Natural disasters 172Human-made disasters 174National development and disaster loss 174City-level comparisons of disaster risk 175Disaster Impacts 177Direct and systemic impacts of disaster 177Ecological damage and the impacts of recovery 178Economic effects of disasters 178Economic production and infrastructure 178Urban land markets 179Social and political impacts of disaster 180Gender and disaster 180Age, disability and disaster 181The political consequences of disaster 181Cultural impacts of disaster 182Urban Processes Generating Disaster Risk 183Growth and diversity of urban areas 183Environmental change and poverty in cities 185Modifying the hazard environment 185The Impact of Climate Change 186The vulnerability of urban slums 186Building control and land-use planning 187Safe building construction 187Land-use planning 188International development policy and urban disaster risk 189Comparative Analysis of Global Trends 189Africa 189Americas 190Asia 191Europe 192Oceania 192Concluding Remarks 192Notes 1938 Policy Responses to Disaster Risk 195Disaster Risk Assessment 195Hazard mapping 196Mapping natural hazard 196Mapping human-made hazard 197Risk assessments for individual cities 197Assessing human-made hazard risk 198Participatory risk assessments 198Challenges of urban risk assessments 200Perceptions of risk 201Strengthening Local Disaster Resilience 201Social pathways 201Legal approaches 203Economic approaches 203Challenges of building local capacity for risk reduction 204Land-Use Planning 205Extending land-use planning to informal settlements and slums 205Building Codes, Regulation and Disaster-Resistant Construction 207Planning to Protect Critical Infrastructure and Services 208Early Warning 210Risk knowledge and warning 210Risk communication 210Response capacity 211Financing Urban Risk Management 211