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This part of the Global Report explores promising policyresponses to the three major threats to urban safety andsecurity reviewed in Parts II, III and IV. It specifically buildson the international, national and local policy and practicetrends identified and discussed in Chapters 4, 6 and 8 – thatis, on crime and violence, security of tenure and forcedevictions, and natural and human-made disasters, respectively.There can be little doubt that there is considerablescope for further development in policies and practices forreducing urban crime and violence. Chapter 10, the first inthis part of the report, discusses policy responses andpractices designed to address the threat of urban crime andviolence that, on the basis of experience to date, could befurther pursued in the future.The ‘traditional’ approach to problems of crime andviolence, which is to see them as the primary responsibilityof the police and the criminal justice system, is increasinglybeing replaced by an approach that recognizes that thecomplexity of the phenomena being addressed requires abroad-based response. There is considerable scope forfurther development of this approach. Nonetheless, it isimportant that the police and the criminal justice system are‘fit for purpose’ in the modern world, and are seen as keycontributors to the fight against crime and violence.Improvements and reforms in these ‘traditional’ areas areessential and should primarily be driven by central governmentsin most developing countries. Such improvementsshould be seen as complementary to the newer approachesbeing developed in ‘non-traditional’ fields, and appropriatelinkages should be developed between all of these activities.The main ‘non-traditional’ or newer approachesexplored in Chapter 10 include enhancement of urban safetyand security through effective urban planning, design andgovernance; the development of community-basedapproaches to enhancing urban safety and security; reductionof key risk factors by focusing on groups mostvulnerable to crime; and strengthening of social capitalthrough initiatives that seek to develop the ability of individualsand communities themselves to respond to problems ofcrime and violence, provide economic, social, cultural andsporting opportunities, and improve the environment inways that assist these processes. The combination of severalof these approaches – all of which are specially suitable forimplementation at the local level – into a systematicprogramme, driven by a broad strategy and based upon acareful understanding of the local context, seems more likelyto be successful than the ad hoc application of individualinitiatives.The preferred mechanism for supporting this broadbasedapproach is usually the partnership mechanism; but tobe fully effective, partnerships need to address a series ofquestions about their operation, and partners need to buyfully into the spirit of partnership. Central and local governmentscan play a key role in providing an enablingenvironment and framework for partnerships to flourish.The best institutional structures for implementing suchprogrammes or initiatives are likely to be those that succeedin getting the key players involved in delivery together inways that get them not only to commit to the programme,but also to explore how the mainstream work of their ownagencies can contribute to the overall effectiveness of theseinitiatives. Local authorities will often be the most appropriateleaders of such structures. Local communities need to beas fully involved as possible in these processes, not only interms of consultation, but also as generators and implementersof projects. Capacity-building is a fundamental partof work to address crime and violence at the local level. Theapproach adopted towards capacity-building activities needsto be as broadly based as possible, and to respond to thecapacity-building needs of professional groups, partnershipmembers and local community members.The transfer of ideas from elsewhere can be veryvaluable, but it needs to be thought about carefully in theparticular circumstances in which it is intended to applythem. It cannot be assumed that ideas that have worked inone part of the world will necessarily work elsewhere. Thereare no one-size-fits-all solutions, and there is no substitutefor a careful study of the particular situation in order todetermine the most appropriate course of action.There needs to be a greater level of commitment toevaluating crime prevention programmes, as well as moreopen reporting of evaluation results, including areas whereproblems have been experienced. This is an area where civilsociety and independent non-governmental organizations(NGOs) can play a key role. This is because much that isdone in the area of crime and violence prevention is eithernot evaluated, is assessed in the most perfunctory manner,or is declared to be successful without much, if any,evidence to support such claim. An important point that is byno means always recognized is that valuable lessons can belearned from what has not gone well, as well as what hassucceeded.International support of various kinds can help cities,