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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and SecurityDisaster Response and Reconstruction 213The role of local authorities 213Building-back-better agenda 214Disaster response 215Reconstruction for risk reduction 215Concluding Remarks 216Notes 2179 Small-Scale Hazards: The Case of Road Traffic Accidents 219Incidence and Impacts of Road Traffic Accidents: Global Trends 219Impacts on human lives 219Economic impacts 220Vulnerability and Causes of Road Traffic Accidents 221Urbanization and Traffic Accidents 223Preventing and Mitigating Loss from Traffic Accidents 224Improving road safety through transport and urban planning 224Promoting public and non-motorized transportation 225Safer transport infrastructure 226Land-use planning 227Promoting safe behaviour 227Driver impairment 227Accident response and recovery 228Traffic management 228Building institutions and awareness for road safety 229Improving traffic accident data collection 230International Cooperation in Road Safety Promotion 230Concluding Remarks 231Notes 232PART VTOWARDS SAFER AND MORE SECURE CITIESIntroduction 23510 Reducing Urban Crime and Violence 239Scope for the Continuing Development of Key Policy Responses 239Enhancing urban safety and security through effective urban planning, design and governance 239Building crime prevention into new and existing environments 239Designing with crime prevention in mind 240Planning with crime prevention in mind 240Integrating crime prevention within planning policy and practice: The British example 241Integrating urban safety within planning and service delivery: The UN-Habitat Safer CitiesProgramme example 241Improving places for people through crime prevention design and planning systems 242Community-based approaches to enhancing urban safety and security 242Changing community-based approaches 242Community types, interests and diversity 242Community safety approaches: Toronto and Kingston 243Strengthening formal criminal justice and policing 244An example of a changing police culture: Hong Kong 244Resistance and the inability to change in police and justice systems 244The importance of public confidence in police and justice systems 244Learning from initiatives, finding resources and setting priorities for community safety change 245The challenges of imprisonment and recidivism 245Reduction of risk factors 246Targeting youthful offenders: Recruitment and educational policy issues 246Preventing violence against women 246Women’s safety audits 246