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338Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE A.2Number of Urban AgglomerationsNumber of agglomerations Distribution of urban population PopulationEstimates and projections by size of agglomerations Estimates and projections(%) (%) (%) (000) (000) (000)Size of urban agglomeration 1985 2000 2015 1985 2000 2015 1985 2000 2015World10 million or more 7 17 22 5.27 8.42 9.41 104,507 239,655 359,2385 to 10 million 21 28 39 7.71 6.80 7.15 152,932 193,583 272,9601 to 5 million 223 335 460 21.08 22.35 23.83 418,255 635,867 910,092500 000 to 1 million 299 403 494 10.39 9.78 9.08 206,194 278,271 346,789Fewer than 500 000 … … … 55.54 52.64 50.54 1,101,787 1,497,425 1,929,945More Developed Regions10 million or more 4 5 5 8.55 9.77 9.61 66,662 85,377 90,7955 to 10 million 4 6 10 4.19 4.78 7.12 32,637 41,786 67,2671 to 5 million 86 97 101 21.40 21.91 21.15 166,859 191,524 199,859500 000 to 1 million 110 117 129 9.56 9.03 9.24 74,515 78,929 87,255Fewer than 500 000 … … … 56.31 54.51 52.88 439,086 476,423 499,623Less Developed Regions10 million or more 3 12 17 3.14 7.83 9.34 37,844 154,278 268,4425 to 10 million 17 22 29 9.99 7.70 7.16 120,295 151,797 205,6931 to 5 million 137 238 359 20.88 22.55 24.71 251,396 444,343 710,232500 000 to 1 million 189 286 365 10.94 10.11 9.03 131,679 199,342 259,534Fewer than 500 000 … … … 55.05 51.81 49.76 662,701 1,021,002 1,430,322Least Developed Countries10 million or more — 1 1 — 6.11 5.61 — 10,159 16,8425 to 10 million — 1 4 — 3.03 8.73 — 5,042 26,2181 to 5 million 10 21 35 22.29 22.51 22.85 19,570 37,414 68,644500 000 to 1 million 12 19 28 9.11 7.54 6.70 8,000 12,534 20,129Fewer than 500 000 … … … 68.60 60.80 56.12 60,242 101,053 168,573Africa10 million or more — 1 2 — 3.53 6.13 — 10,391 29,2795 to 10 million 1 2 2 5.07 4.57 3.21 8,328 13,464 15,3261 to 5 million 20 34 58 21.02 22.12 25.89 34,547 65,131 123,637500 000 to 1 million 27 41 68 10.65 9.62 9.93 17,509 28,322 47,443Fewer than 500 000 … … … 63.26 60.15 54.84 103,970 177,083 261,882Eastern Africa10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 3 9 13 13.05 26.47 30.30 3,612 14,038 28,216500 000 to 1 million 6 4 8 14.87 World10 million or more 7 17 22 5.27 8.42 9.41 104,507 239,655 359,2385 to 10 million 21 28 39 7.71 6.80 7.15 152,932 193,583 272,9601 to 5 million 223 335 460 21.08 22.35 23.83 418,255 635,867 910,092500 000 to 1 million 299 403 494 10.39 9.78 9.08 206,194 278,271 346,789Fewer than 500 000 … … … 55.54 52.64 50.54 1,101,787 1,497,425 1,929,945More Developed Regions10 million or more 4 5 5 8.55 9.77 9.61 66,662 85,377 90,7955 to 10 million 4 6 10 4.19 4.78 7.12 32,637 41,786 67,2671 to 5 million 86 97 101 21.40 21.91 21.15 166,859 191,524 199,859500 000 to 1 million 110 117 129 9.56 9.03 9.24 74,515 78,929 87,255Fewer than 500 000 … … … 56.31 54.51 52.88 439,086 476,423 499,623Less Developed Regions10 million or more 3 12 17 3.14 7.83 9.34 37,844 154,278 268,4425 to 10 million 17 22 29 9.99 7.70 7.16 120,295 151,797 205,6931 to 5 million 137 238 359 20.88 22.55 24.71 251,396 444,343 710,232500 000 to 1 million 189 286 365 10.94 10.11 9.03 131,679 199,342 259,534Fewer than 500 000 … … … 55.05 51.81 49.76 662,701 1,021,002 1,430,322Least Developed Countries10 million or more — 1 1 — 6.11 5.61 — 10,159 16,8425 to 10 million — 1 4 — 3.03 8.73 — 5,042 26,2181 to 5 million 10 21 35 22.29 22.51 22.85 19,570 37,414 68,644500 000 to 1 million 12 19 28 9.11 7.54 6.70 8,000 12,534 20,129Fewer than 500 000 … … … 68.60 60.80 56.12 60,242 101,053 168,573Africa10 million or more — 1 2 — 3.53 6.13 — 10,391 29,2795 to 10 million 1 2 2 5.07 4.57 3.21 8,328 13,464 15,3261 to 5 million 20 34 58 21.02 22.12 25.89 34,547 65,131 123,637500 000 to 1 million 27 41 68 10.65 9.62 9.93 17,509 28,322 47,443Fewer than 500 000 … … … 63.26 60.15 54.84 103,970 177,083 261,882Eastern Africa10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 3 9 13 13.05 26.47 30.30 3,612 14,038 28,216500 000 to 1 million 6 4 8 14.87 4.54 6.48 4,115 2,407 6,031Fewer than 500 000 … … … 72.08 69.00 63.23 19,949 36,597 58,885Middle Africa10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — 1 1 — 14.04 14.18 — 5,042 9,3041 to 5 million 2 4 9 21.43 16.70 27.20 4,122 5,994 17,845500 000 to 1 million 5 8 11 15.63 15.71 12.12 3,007 5,639 7,952Fewer than 500 000 … … … 62.94 53.55 46.49 12,110 19,224 30,500
Data tables339TABLE A.2continuedNumber of agglomerations Distribution of urban population PopulationEstimates and projections by size of agglomerations Estimates and projections(%) (%) (%) (000) (000) (000)Size of urban agglomeration 1985 2000 2015 1985 2000 2015 1985 2000 2015Northern Africa10 million or more — 1 1 — 12.15 10.43 — 10,391 13,1385 to 10 million 1 — 1 15.26 — 4.78 8,328 — 6,0221 to 5 million 5 6 8 17.54 19.45 16.00 9,573 16,637 20,152500 000 to 1 million 4 8 19 5.11 6.65 10.19 2,790 5,690 12,829Fewer than 500 000 … … … 62.09 61.75 58.60 33,884 52,822 73,805Southern Africa10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 4 5 7 36.67 40.02 50.37 6,382 11,227 16,821500 000 to 1 million 3 2 1 11.35 6.61 1.86 1,975 1,855 622Fewer than 500 000 … … … 51.98 53.37 47.77 9,047 14,971 15,952Western Africa10 million or more — — 1 — — 10.12 — — 16,1415 to 10 million — 1 — — 9.17 — — 8,422 —1 to 5 million 6 10 21 23.88 18.76 25.46 10,858 17,236 40,603500 000 to 1 million 9 19 29 12.37 13.86 12.55 5,622 12,731 20,008Fewer than 500 000 … … … 63.75 58.21 51.88 28,980 53,469 82,740Asia10 million or more 3 9 13 6.09 9.66 11.05 50,995 131,686 217,6995 to 10 million 13 17 23 10.49 8.75 8.16 87,832 119,232 160,8651 to 5 million 97 166 244 21.45 22.61 23.81 179,591 308,118 469,091500 000 to 1 million 128 195 241 10.81 9.99 8.71 90,522 136,228 171,655Fewer than 500 000 … … … 51.15 48.99 48.26 428,126 667,769 950,904Eastern Asia10 million or more 2 3 5 11.21 9.85 10.41 40,654 58,858 87,2985 to 10 million 5 8 8 9.62 9.91 7.22 34,882 59,214 60,5951 to 5 million 57 93 133 27.29 29.27 31.77 99,009 174,901 266,509500 000 to 1 million 65 109 121 12.83 12.78 10.58 46,545 76,355 88,748Fewer than 500 000 … … … 39.06 38.19 40.02 141,682 228,162 335,759South-central Asia10 million or more 1 5 5 3.64 14.13 14.04 10,341 61,764 89,4505 to 10 million 4 5 8 10.07 6.82 9.08 28,587 29,793 57,8711 to 5 million 18 42 66 13.94 15.76 18.38 39,578 68,895 117,077500 000 to 1 million 49 51 71 12.22 8.34 7.72 34,692 36,466 49,202Fewer than 500 000 … … … 60.12 54.94 50.77 170,680 240,118 323,401South-eastern Asia10 million or more — 1 2 — 5.38 9.25 — 11,065 29,7395 to 10 million 3 2 5 16.74 7.92 9.24 18,955 16,282 29,7171 to 5 million 9 13 17 17.37 15.45 10.17 19,668 31,778 32,697500 000 to 1 million 9 16 23 5.23 5.21 5.01 5,923 10,716 16,113Fewer than 500 000 … … … 60.65 66.03 66.32 68,658 135,781 213,211Western Asia10 million or more — — 1 — — 6.49 — — 11,2115 to 10 million 1 2 2 7.00 11.35 7.34 5,407 13,944 12,6801 to 5 million 13 18 28 27.63 26.48 30.56 21,336 32,544 52,809500 000 to 1 million 5 19 26 4.35 10.33 10.18 3,361 12,692 17,593Fewer than 500 000 … … … 61.01 51.84 45.44 47,106 63,708 78,533Europe10 million or more — 1 1 — 1.93 2.07 — 10,103 11,0225 to 10 million 3 4 5 5.18 5.42 6.57 25,352 28,293 34,9941 to 5 million 45 48 45 16.66 15.12 13.85 81,544 78,940 73,787500 000 to 1 million 77 77 84 10.52 9.76 10.57 51,525 50,938 56,299Fewer than 500 000 … … … 67.64 67.77 66.94 331,157 353,834 356,539Eastern Europe10 million or more — 1 1 — 4.85 5.61 — 10,103 11,0225 to 10 million 1 1 1 4.27 2.51 2.73 8,580 5,214 5,3751 to 5 million 21 22 18 15.84 14.14 12.76 31,853 29,426 25,088500 000 to 1 million 27 28 34 9.01 8.67 11.63 18,114 18,042 22,857Fewer than 500 000 … … … 70.88 69.84 67.27 142,517 145,360 132,221Northern Europe10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million 1 1 1 10.33 10.47 10.31 7,667 8,225 8,6181 to 5 million 6 7 8 13.78 13.94 14.81 10,228 10,944 12,378500 000 to 1 million 11 11 10 10.52 10.11 8.59 7,814 7,942 7,179Fewer than 500 000 … … … 65.37 65.48 66.29 48,535 51,419 55,399Southern Europe10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — 1 2 — 5.40 10.72 — 5,162 11,1431 to 5 million 10 9 8 30.12 24.15 18.25 26,743 23,077 18,960500 000 to 1 million 17 18 19 12.56 12.37 12.03 11,151 11,821 12,499Fewer than 500 000 … … … 57.32 58.07 59.00 50,886 55,479 61,300Western Europe10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million 1 1 1 7.26 6.93 6.63 9,105 9,692 9,8581 to 5 million 8 10 11 10.14 11.08 11.68 12,719 15,493 17,362500 000 to 1 million 22 20 21 11.51 9.39 9.26 14,447 13,133 13,764
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xxxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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Page 322 and 323: 288Towards safer and more secure ci
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Page 338 and 339: 304Summary of case studiesSince its
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Page 342 and 343: 308Summary of case studiestions wit
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Page 348 and 349: 314Summary of case studiespurposes.
Page 350 and 351: 316Summary of case studiesThese eff
Page 352 and 353: 318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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Page 358 and 359: 324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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Page 364 and 365: 330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
Page 366 and 367: 332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
Page 368 and 369: 334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
Page 370 and 371: 336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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