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394Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE C.2continuedNORTHERNAMERICA (000) (000) (000)Bermuda Hamilton 1 Greenland Nuuk (Godthåb) 15 United States of America Washington, D.C.4,238Canada Ottawa-Gatineau 14 1,156 Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon Saint-Pierre 5OCEANIA (000) (000) (000)American Samoa Pago Pago 55 Nauru Nauru 14 Solomon Islands Honiara 1,320Australia Canberra 381 New Caledonia Nouméa 149 Tokelau 18Cook Islands Rarotonga 15 13 New Zealand Wellington 346 Tonga Nuku’alofa 25Fiji Greater Suva 219 Niue Alofi 1 Tuvalu Funafuti 5French Polynesia Papeete 130 Northern Vanuatu Port Vila 36Guam Hagåtña 144 Mariana Islands Saipan 17 75 Wallis and Futuna Matu-Utu 1Kiribati Tarawa 16 47 Palau Koror 14 IslandsMarshall Islands Majuro 27 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 289Micronesia Palikir 7 Pitcairn Adamstown 0(Fed. States of) Samoa Apia 4Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2006Notes:Table presents data on population of capital cities of countries as well as areas that are included in the World Urbanization Prospects.(1) Porto-Novo is the constitutional capital; Cotonou is the seat of government.(2) Yamoussoukro is the capital, Abidjan is the seat of government.(3) Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital.(4) Mbabane is the administrative capital, Lobamba is the legislative capital.(5) As of 1 July 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.(6) As of 20 December 1999, Macao became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.(7) The capital is New Delhi, included in the urban agglomeration of Delhi. The population of New Delhi was estimated at 294,783 in the year 2001.(8) Kuala Lumpur is the financial capital, Putrajaya is the administrative capital.(9) Colombo is the commercial capital, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the administrative and legislative capital.(10) Amsterdam is the capital, The Hague is the seat of government.(11) The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.(12) La Paz is the capital and the seat of government; Sucre is the legal capital and the seat of the judiciary.(13) Due to volcanic activity, Plymouth was abandoned in 1997. The government premises have been established at Brades Estate.(14) The capital is Ottawa.(15) The capital is Avarua, located on the island of Rarotonga; the estimated population refers to the island of Rarotonga. Population estimates for Avarua have not been made available.(16) The capital is Bairiki, located on the island of Tarawa; the estimated population refers to the island of South Tarawa. Population estimates for Bairiki have not been made available.(17) The capital is Garapan, located on the island of Saipan; the estimated population refers to the island of Saipan. The population of Garapan was estimated at 3,588 in the year 2000. Government offices are located in CapitolHill.(18) There is no capital in Tokelau. Each atoll (Atafu, Fakaofo and Nukunonu) has its own administrative centre.
Data tables395TABLE C.3Household Living Conditions in Selected CitiesPersons per room in housing unit Distribution of household size by housings units Total1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ number*(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)AFRICAEgypt 1 Alexandria 1996 3.5 2.0 1.4 1.1 0.9 … … … 1.3 5.7 12.4 38.5 31.4 12.0 … … … 3,321,844Egypt 1 Cairo 1996 3.5 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.8 … … … 1.2 7.0 11.5 37.3 33.4 10.8 … … … 6,735,172Egypt 1 Giza 1996 3.6 2.1 1.4 1.0 0.8 … … … 1.2 4.7 9.0 39.5 37.1 9.7 … … … 2,203,688Egypt 1 Shubra 1996 3.7 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.0 … … … 1.4 5.6 10.1 44.8 35.0 4.5 … … … 869,853El-KheimaASIAAzerbaijan Baku 1998 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.5 … … … … 1.6 9.5 36.5 41.2 12.8 … … … … 1,721,372Azerbaijan Giandja 1998 3.0 2.1 1.9 1.8 … … … … 2.1 18.9 35.4 30.5 15.2 … … … … 279,043Azerbaijan 2 Mingecheviz 1998 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.9 … … … … 1.7 6.5 30.2 37.2 26.1 … … … … 86,294Azerbaijan Sumgait 1998 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.6 … … … … 2.0 15.1 39.1 40.8 5.0 … … … … 320,731Cyprus 3 Larnaka 1992 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.2 1.6 3.2 17.1 30.8 31.5 10.4 4.9 59,832Cyprus 3 Limassol 1992 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.2 1.4 5.2 14.5 29.9 36.6 7.9 4.2 135,469Cyprus 3 Nicosia 1992 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.1 1.2 3.1 11.9 25.9 34.5 16.3 6.9 175,310Cyprus 3 Patos 1992 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 2.4 5.5 14.2 26.6 35.0 11.1 4.7 32,251Pakistan 4 Islamabad 1998 4.4 3.0 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.2 … … 2.0 11.7 28.6 25.4 13.9 7.5 12.7 … … 524,359Syrian Arab Republic 3 Aleppo 1994 4.6 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.4 2.1 5.5 25.1 32.7 20.5 9.2 4.2 1.3 1.3 2,959,053Syrian Arab Republic 3 Damascus 1994 4.0 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.7 3.8 16.4 27.2 24.2 14.5 6.8 2.4 3.9 1,384,017Syrian Arab Republic 3 Homs 1994 4.4 2.9 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.0 3.3 18.7 29.5 26.1 13.1 5.1 1.5 2.3 1,205,785Syrian Arab Republic 3 Lattakia 1994 3.9 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.7 4.9 18.4 31.4 26.4 11.7 4.0 1.2 1.7 741,372Turkey 3 Adana 1994 3.5 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.8 … 0.8 1.4 1.4 12.3 54.0 28.4 3.2 0.2 … 0.2 1,018,248Turkey 3 Ankara 1994 5.5 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 … 0.6 1.2 0.4 7.2 35.2 53.0 2.2 0.2 … 1.8 2,669,550Turkey 3 Istanbul 1994 4.0 2.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 … 0.5 1.2 0.6 9.1 45.7 37.1 4.3 1.9 … 1.0 7,362,804Turkey 3 Izmir 1994 3.6 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 … 1.0 1.1 0.7 11.2 41.6 39.7 2.2 0.7 … 1.3 1,902,831EUROPEFinland 5 Espoo 1998 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 … 0.8 5.3 19.2 28.4 26.8 13.5 4.1 1.8 … 201,335Finland 5 Helsinki 1998 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 … 0.8 14.5 30.2 27.6 17.9 6.7 1.8 0.7 … 523,443Finland 5 Tampere 1998 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 … 0.8 10.9 29.5 27.9 20.2 7.6 2.2 0.8 … 185,796Finland 5 Turku 1998 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 … 0.8 12.3 29.4 25.8 18.3 6.5 1.9 0.9 … 165,042Netherlands Amsterdam 1998 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 4.0 16.2 35.0 29.7 9.3 3.6 1.2 0.9 706,100Netherlands Rotterdam 1998 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.8 9.4 31.7 32.9 16.7 4.5 1.8 1.3 555,600Netherlands The Hague 1998 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.9 10.7 26.5 33.8 15.1 5.8 2.6 3.5 437,200Netherlands Utrecht 1998 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 6.1 9.0 22.6 33.7 19.8 5.6 2.0 1.1 218,700Poland 6 Krakow 1995 … 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 … … … 0.9 … 18.1 32.6 36.2 13.1 … … … 719,520Poland 6 Lodz 1995 … 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 … … … 0.8 … 24.9 42.6 24.2 8.3 … … … 811,652Poland 6 Warsaw 1995 … 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 … … … 0.9 … 19.1 33.7 35.5 11.7 … … … 1,635,557Poland 6 Wroclaw 1995 … 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 … … … 0.9 … 16.4 28.7 31.4 23.5 … … … 618,469United Kingdom 2 London 1996 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.5 9.5 20.1 26.3 20.6 9.3 11.0 7,050,000LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEANBrazil 2 Belo Horizonte 1998 2.3 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 2.6 7.2 14.0 19.2 17.2 14.3 24.9 3,978,856Brazil 2 Brasília 1998 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.4 4.5 6.7 12.4 20.5 17.8 12.5 24.3 1,927,737Brazil 2 Rio de Janeiro 1998 2.3 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 2.0 6.7 18.5 36.2 17.5 7.9 10.4 10,382,082Brazil 2 São Paulo 1998 2.8 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 4.3 14.5 18.9 24.4 14.3 7.8 15.1 17,119,420Colombia 7 Barranquilla 1993 3.6 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 … … 1.3 7.6 14.7 18.8 22.0 18.0 19.0 … … 988,657Colombia 7 Bogotá 1993 3.0 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 … … 1.2 13.6 20.8 17.2 20.2 12.8 15.3 … … 4,934,591Colombia 7 Cali 1993 3.0 1.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 … … 1.2 11.3 15.4 16.7 21.3 17.3 17.9 … … 1,666,378Colombia 7 Medellín 1993 3.2 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 … … 1.1 6.9 13.1 16.7 20.2 18.4 24.7 … … 1,621,489Nicaragua Jinotepe 1995 4.8 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.8 10.3 28.2 26.1 16.6 9.4 5.1 2.3 2.0 25,034Nicaragua Leon 1995 5.0 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9 2.3 26.1 30.1 22.4 12.0 5.2 2.4 0.9 1.0 123,687Nicaragua Managua 1995 4.6 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 2.2 25.5 28.2 23.2 13.4 5.8 2.4 0.8 0.6 862,240Nicaragua Matagalpa 1995 4.8 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 2.0 17.6 28.8 25.2 15.6 6.7 3.1 1.6 1.4 59,349Saint Lucia 8 Castries 1999 … … … … … … … … … 6.9 23.7 25.0 22.3 13.0 5.5 3.7 … 13,179Saint Lucia 8 Gros Islet 1999 … … … … … … … … … 4.5 22.0 24.7 24.4 14.4 5.6 4.5 … 3,656Saint Lucia 8 Soufriere 1999 … … … … … … … … … 6.6 20.5 20.2 24.7 19.0 6.1 2.9 … 1,905Saint Lucia 8 Vieux-Fort 1999 … … … … … … … … … 7.2 21.1 26.6 24.6 12.1 5.0 3.4 … 3,097Uruguay Montevideo 1996 2.7 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 7.3 17.6 32.7 23.0 10.7 4.5 1.9 2.2 1,282,277Uruguay Paysandu 1996 3.1 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.1 9.3 15.6 30.1 24.7 12.8 4.5 1.6 1.4 73,737Uruguay Rivera 1996 2.8 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.0 7.7 15.7 30.9 25.7 12.0 4.8 1.8 1.4 62,391Uruguay Salto 1996 3.5 1.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.2 8.0 14.2 30.9 27.6 11.8 4.1 1.9 1.5 92,030NORTHERN AMERICACanada Calgary 1996 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 4.2 8.2 13.7 14.8 15.1 42.5 813,925Canada Montreal 1996 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.5 5.3 14.6 22.6 18.6 13.5 23.3 3,272,810Canada Ottawa 1996 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.4 5.3 9.6 13.8 16.8 16.9 35.7 994,110Canada Toronto 1996 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 2.7 7.7 11.2 13.1 14.8 13.9 35.6 4,218,470Source: UNSO and UNCHS (Habitat), 2001Notes* Data for ‘Total number’ refer to the number of persons resident in housing units.1 Data for the category 5 rooms refer to housing units with 5+ rooms.2 Data as reported; the total differs from the sum of categories.3 The total differs form the sum of categories and that difference refers to the category not stated.4 Data for total occupied housing units and total number of occupants are provisional and are estimated based on advanced sample tabulation of census data. Data for the category 6 rooms refer to housing units with 6+ rooms.5 Data as reported; the total differs from the sum of categories. The category 7 rooms refer to 7+ rooms.6 Data for the category 2 rooms also include housing units with one room. Data for category 5 rooms refer to to housing units with 5+ rooms.7 Data for the category 6 rooms refer to housing units with 6+ rooms.8 Estimated data. The category 7 rooms refer to housing units with 7+ rooms.
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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