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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and SecurityIntegrating disaster risk reduction and urban development 282Risk Reduction through Land-Use Planning 283Data collection, management and analysis 284Cost–benefit analysis 285Institutional reform 286Designing Disaster-Resistant Buildings and Infrastructure 287Aid agencies and construction oversight 288Retrofitting 288Indigenous buildings 288Training 289Climate change, building and infrastructure design 289Strengthening Early Warning Systems 290Integrating ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches 290The challenge of cities 290Knowledge for action 291Improving Emergency Response and Reconstruction 292Speed and sustainability in shelter provision 293Disaster response training 294Insurance and urban reconstruction 294Revisiting governance for relief and reconstruction 295The Role of Participatory and Inclusive Strategies and Policies 296Inclusive planning 297Education for awareness-raising and self-reliance 298Including the private sector 299Concluding Remarks 299Notes 300PART VISUMMARY OF CASE STUDIESIntroduction 303The Human Security Perspective 303Enhancing urban safety and human security in Asia through the United Nations Trust Fund forHuman Security 303Upgrading informal settlements in three cities in Afghanistan 303Rebuilding communities in northeast Sri Lanka 304Partnership for Urban Poverty Reduction in Phnom Penh, Cambodia 304Lessons learned 304Crime and Violence 304Effective crime prevention strategies and engagement with the planning process in Bradford, UK 304Effective crime prevention in Durban, South Africa 305Crime and violence in Hong Kong, China 306Trends in crime and violence in Kingston, Jamaica 307Crime and violence trends in Nairobi, Kenya 308Effective crime prevention in New York, US 309Crime and violence trends in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 310Crime and violence trends in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 310Effective crime prevention in Toronto, Canada 311Security of Tenure and Forced Evictions 312Positive policies and legal responses to enhance security of tenure in Brazil 312The struggle for tenure in Cambodia 313Security of housing tenure in the People’s Republic of China 314A place to live: A case study of the Ijora-Badia community in Lagos, Nigeria 315An urban slice of pie: The Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Actin South Africa 316Strategies for survival: Security of tenure in Bangkok 317Security of tenure in Istanbul: The triumph of the ‘self-service city’ 318
ContentsxixNatural and Human-Made Disasters 319Lessons in risk reduction from Cuba 319Vulnerabilities exposed: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami 320Disaster response and adaptation in Kobe, Japan 321Learning from the Mexico City earthquake 322Living with floods in Mozambique 323Vulnerability to monsoon flooding in Mumbai, India 324The Dutch experience in flood management 324Implementing a national response plan for Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, US 325PART VIISTATISTICAL ANNEXTechnical Notes 329Explanation of Symbols 329Country Groupings and Statistical Aggregates 329World major groupings 329United Nations Regional Groups 329Countries in the Human Development aggregates 330Countries in the income aggregates 330Sub-regional aggregates 331Nomenclature and Order of Presentation 332Definition of Statistical Terms 332Notes 335Data tables 337Regional AggregatesA.1 Population 337A.2 Number of urban agglomerations 338A.3 Shelter indicators 341A.4 Income and health 342A.5 Safety indicators 343Country-level dataB.1 Total population size and rate of change 344B.2 Urban and rural population size and rate of change 348B.3 Urbanization and urban slum dwellers 352B.4 Households: Total number and rate of change 356B.5 Environmental infrastructure 359B.6 Transport safety and transport infrastructure 362B.7 International migrants and internally displaced persons 365B.8 Major disaster incidents 369B.9 Income and health 371B.10 Poverty and inequality 374B.11 Governance indicators 376B.12 Recorded crime data 379B.13 Conviction statistics 382City-level dataC.1 Urban agglomerations: Population size and rate of change 385C.2 Population of capital cities (2005) 393C.3 Households’ living conditions in selected cities 395C.4 Housing indicators in selected cities (1998) 396C.5 Environmental and transport indicators in selected cities (1998) 400C.6 Environmental infrastructure in selected cities (1998) 404C.7 Urban safety and governance indicators in selected cities (1998) 407References 411Index 433
Page 3: ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
Page 6 and 7: First published by Earthscan in the
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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Page 41 and 42: 1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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