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430Enhancing Urban Safety and Security‘General Comment No. 2: International technical assistancemeasures (Article 22 of the Covenant)’, adoptedat the fourth session, 1990‘General Comment No. 4: The right to adequate housing(Article 11 (1) of the Covenant)’, adopted at the sixthsession, 1991‘General Comment No. 7: The right to adequate housing(Article 11 (1) of the Covenant): Forced evictions’,adopted at the 16th session, 1997‘General Comment No 15: The right to water (Articles11 and 12 of the Covenant)’, adopted at the 29thsession, 2002■ United Nations Human Rights Committee‘General Comment No 16: Article 17 (Right to privacy)’,adopted at the 32nd session, 1988‘General Comment No 27: Article 12 (Freedom ofmovement)’ adopted at the 67th session, 1999Declarations/Programmes of Actions ofUnited Nations ConferencesAgenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conferenceon Environment and Development (Rio de Janerio,Brazil, 3–14 June 1992), endorsed by GeneralAssembly Resolution 47/190 of 22 December 1992Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development, adoptedat the World Summit for Social Development, March1995, CopenhagenGlobal Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000, adopted bythe United Nations General Assembly in Resolution43/181 on 20 December 1988Habitat Agenda and Istanbul Declaration, adopted at theSecond United Nations Conference on HumanSettlements (Habitat II) (Istanbul, 3–14 June 1996),endorsed by General Assembly Resolution 51/177 of16 December 1996Millennium Declaration, adopted by General AssemblyResolution 55/2 of 18 September 2000Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements and theVancouver Action Plan, adopted at Habitat: UnitedNations Conference on Human Settlements,(Vancouver, Canada, 31 May–11 June 1976)Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted atthe World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna,Austria, 14–25 June, 1993)United Nations Resolutions and OtherDocuments■ General Assembly (A/…)General Assembly Resolution 401 (V): ‘Land Reform’(adopted 20 November 1950)A/RES/55/2. Resolution 55/2: ‘United NationsMillennium Declaration’ (adopted 18 September2000)A/RES/58/289. Resolution 58/289: ‘Improving GlobalRoad Safety’ (adopted 11 May 2004)A/RES/60/5. Resolution 60/5: ‘Improving Global RoadSafety’ (adopted 1 December 2005)A/60/181. ‘The Global Road Safety Crisis: Progress onthe Implementation of General Assembly Resolution58/289, Note by the Secretary-General’■ Security Council (S/…)S/2001/1015. Enclosure: Report of the Panel of Expertspursuant to Security Council Resolution 1343 (2001),paragraph 19, concerning Liberia,www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdfS/2004/616. The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice inConflict and Post-Conflict Societies, Report of theSecretary-General, Available fromwww.un.org/Docs/sc/sgrep04.html■ Committee on Economic, Social andCultural Rights (E/C.12/…)E/C.12/1990/8. ‘Revised guidelines regarding the formand contents of reports to be submitted by statesparties under articles 16–17 of the Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights’, in Report of theFifth Session of the Committee on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights, 26 November–14 December1990, pp88–110■ Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/…)E/CN.4/RES/1993/77. Resolution 1993/77: ‘Forcedevictions’ (adopted 10 March 1993)E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2. ‘Guiding Principles on InternalDisplacement’, Addendum 2 to ‘Internally displacedpersons’ the Report of the Representative of theSecretary-General, Mr Francis M. Deng, Submittedpursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution1997/39E/CN.4/RES/2004/28. Resolution 2004/28: ‘Prohibitionof forced eviction’ (adopted 10 April 2004)■ Sub-Commission on the Promotion andProtection of Human Rights under theCommission on Human Rights(E/CN.4/Sub.2/…)E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/8. Study Concerning the Right toRestitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation forVictims of Gross Violations of Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms, Final report submitted byTheo van Boven, Special RapporteurE/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/7. Expert Seminar on the Practice ofForced Evictions (Geneva, 11–13 June 1997), Reportof the Secretary-GeneralE/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17. Housing and Property Restitutionin the Context of the Return of Refugees and InternallyDisplaced Persons, Final report of the SpecialRapporteur, Paulo Sérgio PinheiroE/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1. Explanatory Notes on thePrinciples on Housing and Property Restitution forRefugees and Displaced Persons, Final report of theSpecial Rapporteur, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro■ International Human Rights Instruments(HRI/MC)HRI/MC/2006/7. Report on Indicators for MonitoringCompliance with International Human RightsInstruments, Eighteenth meeting of chairpersons ofthe human rights treaty bodies, Geneva, 22–23 June2006. Fifth inter-committee meeting of the humanrights treaty bodies Geneva, 19–21 June 2006
References431■ United Nations Commission on HumanSettlements (HS/C)HS/C/15/INF.7. Towards a Housing Rights Strategy:Practical Contributions by UNCHS (Habitat) onPromoting, Ensuring and Protecting the full Realizationof the Human Right to Adequate HousingRelevant Court DecisionsAhmedabad Municipal Corporation v Nawab Khan GulabKhan & Ors (1997) 11 SCC 121Akdivar and others v Turkey, European Court on HumanRights, Reports 1996–IV (99/1995/605/693), Decidedon 16 September 1996Chapman v United Kingdom, 10 BHRC 48, Decided byEuropean Court of Human Rights on 18 January 2001Connors v United Kingdom, European Court of HumanRights, Application no 66746/01, Decided on 27 May2004Cyprus v Turkey, Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75,Report of the Commission, paras 208–210, EuropeanHuman Rights Reports 4, p482Francis Coralie Mullin v The Administrator, UnionTerritory of Delhi, All India Reporter 1981 SC 746Government of the Republic of South Africa and Others vGrootboom and Others, 2000(11) BCLR1169 (CC);2001(1) SA46 (CC)Grootboom v Oostenberg Municipality and Others,2000(3) BCLR277 (C)Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248‘Modderklip’ (Modder East Squatters, Greater BenoniCity Council v Modderklip Boerdery (Pty) Ltd.), SCA187/03, Decided by South Africa’s Supreme Court ofAppeal on 27 May 2004‘Modderklip’ (President of the Republic of South Africa,the Minister of Safety and Security, the Minister ofAgriculture and Land Affairs, the NationalCommissioner of Police v Modderklip Boerdery (Pty)Ltd), SCA 213/03Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985) 3SCC 545Phocas v France, European Court of Human Rights,Reports 1996–II, Decided on 23 April 1996Port Elizabeth Municipality v Various Occupiers, 2005 (1)SA 217 (CC)Ram Prasad v Chairman, Bombay Port Trust, AIR 89S.C.R. 1306, Decided on 29 March 1989Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Centerfor Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria,Communication 155/96Spadea and Scalabrino v Italy. 12868/87 [1995] ECHR35, Decided by European Court of Human Rights on28 September 1995Zubani v Italy, European Court of Human Rights, Reports1996–IV, Decided on 7 August 1996
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xxxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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Page 467 and 468: INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
Page 469 and 470: Index435security of tenure 134confl
Page 471 and 472: Index437domestic abuse see intimate
Page 473 and 474: Index439hazard management 169hazard
Page 475 and 476: Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
Page 477 and 478: Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
Page 479 and 480: Index445individual 34-35municipal f
Page 481 and 482: Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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