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402Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE C.5continuedLocal environmental Transport use for Travel time Disaster prevention andplanning * work trip ** per work trip mitigation measures ***A B C Car Train Bus Other A B C(%) (%) (%) (%) (minutes)Sweden Stockholm Yes Yes Yes 35.1 34.5 13.8 16.6 28 Yes Yes YesSweden Umea Yes Yes Yes … … … … 16 Yes Yes YesSwitzerland Basel Yes Yes Yes … … … … … Yes Yes NoUnited Kingdom Belfast No No No … … … … … No No NoUnited Kingdom Birmingham No No No 73.9 1.4 9.1 15.6 20 No No NoUnited Kingdom Cardiff No No No 81.0 0.3 5.7 13.0 20 No No NoUnited Kingdom Edinburgh No No No 69.9 2.4 13.0 14.7 20 No No NoUnited Kingdom London No No No … … … … 24 No No NoUnited Kingdom Manchester No No No 71.8 1.9 8.1 18.0 19 No No NoLATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANArgentina Buenos Aires Yes Yes Yes 33.5 16.4 42.2 … 42 Yes No YesArgentina Comodoro Rivadavia Yes Yes Yes 44.0 – 36.0 20.0 29 Yes No YesArgentina Córdoba Yes Yes Yes 26.5 2.9 40.9 … 32 Yes Yes YesArgentina Rosario No Yes Yes … … … … 22 Yes No NoBarbados Bridgetown Yes Yes Yes … … … … … Yes Yes NoBelize Belize City No No Yes … … … … … No No NoBolivia Santa Cruz de la Sierra No Yes No … … … … 29 Yes Yes NoBrazil Belém No No No … … … … … No No NoBrazil Icapui Yes No No 6.0 … 1.0 93.0 30 No No NoBrazil Maranguape No No No 5.0 – 30.0 … 20 Yes Yes YesBrazil Porto Alegre Yes Yes Yes … … … … … Yes No YesBrazil Recife Yes Yes Yes 28.6 1.8 44.2 25.4 35 Yes Yes YesBrazil Rio de Janeiro Yes Yes Yes … … … … … Yes No YesBrazil São Paulo Yes Yes Yes 42.0 6.0 37.0 15.0 40 Yes No YesChile Gran Concepcion Yes Yes Yes 19.6 – 56.5 23.9 35 Yes No YesChile Santiago de Chile Yes Yes Yes 14.1 4.0 55.8 26.2 38 No No YesChile Tome No No No … … … … … No Yes NoChile Valparaiso No No No 42.0 19.0 36.0 3.0 … No No NoChile Vina del mar Yes Yes Yes … … … … … No No YesColombia Armenia Yes No No 31.0 – 41.9 27.2 60 Yes Yes YesColombia Marinilla Yes Yes Yes 14.3 – 18.4 67.3 15 Yes Yes YesColombia Medellín Yes Yes Yes 21.9 4.8 33.1 40.2 35 Yes Yes NoCuba Baracoa Yes Yes Yes … … … … … No No NoCuba Camaguey Yes Yes Yes 2.5 – 2.1 95.4 60 No No NoCuba Cienfuegos Yes Yes Yes … … … … No No NoCuba Havana Yes Yes Yes 6.5 1.0 57.1 35.4 No No NoCuba Pinar Del Rio Yes Yes Yes … … … … No No NoCuba Santa Clara Yes Yes Yes 30.3 3.2 4.1 62.4 48 No No NoDominican Republic Santiago de los Caballeros Yes Yes Yes … … … … 30 Yes No YesEcuador Ambato Yes Yes No … … … … … Yes Yes YesEcuador Cuenca Yes Yes No … … … … 25 No No YesEcuador Guayaquil No Yes No 10.7 – 89.3 – 45 Yes Yes YesEcuador Manta No Yes No … … … … 30 Yes Yes YesEcuador Puyo No No No … … … … 15 Yes No YesEcuador Quito Yes Yes No … … … … 33 Yes Yes NoEcuador Tena Yes Yes No … … … … 5 Yes Yes YesEl Salvador San Salvador Yes Yes Yes 29.0 … … 2.0 … No No NoGuatemala Quetzaltenango No No Yes … … … … 15 Yes No YesJamaica Kingston Yes Yes Yes … … … … … No No NoJamaica Montego Bay Yes No Yes … … … … … No No NoMexico Ciudad Juarez No Yes Yes 51.3 – 23.7 25.0 23 Yes No YesNicaragua Leon Yes Yes No … … 56.0 … 15 No No NoPanama Colon Yes Yes Yes … … … … 15 No No NoParaguay Asuncion Yes Yes No 49.8 … … … 25 Yes Yes YesPeru Cajamarca Yes Yes No 22.0 … 20.0 58.0 20 No No NoPeru Huanuco No Yes No 17.5 … 45.0 … 20 Yes No NoPeru Huaras No Yes No … … … … 15 No No NoPeru Iquitos No Yes Yes 35.0 – 25.0 40.0 10 Yes Yes YesPeru Lima Yes Yes Yes 16.9 – 82.2 0.9 … Yes No YesPeru Tacna Yes Yes Yes 37.5 … 66.0 1.0 25 No No YesPeru Tumbes Yes Yes No 25.0 … … 5.0 20 Yes Yes YesTrinidad and Tobago Port of Spain No No No 56.2 – 43.8 – … No No NoUruguay Montevideo No No Yes 26.9 – 59.6 13.5 45 Yes No YesNORTHERN AMERICACanada Hull Yes Yes Yes 73.3 – 16.3 10.4 … Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Atlanta Yes Yes Yes … … … … 26 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Birmingham-USA Yes Yes Yes … … … … 23 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Boston Yes Yes Yes … … … … 25 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Des Moines Yes Yes Yes … … … … 18 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Hartford Yes Yes Yes … … … … 21 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Minneapolis-St. Paul Yes Yes Yes … … … … 21 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America New York Yes Yes Yes … … … … 35 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Providence Yes Yes Yes … … … … 19 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Salt Lake Yes Yes Yes … … … … 20 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America San Jose Yes Yes Yes … … … … 23 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Seattle Yes Yes Yes … … … … 24 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Tampa Yes Yes Yes … … … … 22 Yes Yes YesUnited States of America Washington Yes Yes Yes … … … … 30 Yes Yes Yes
Data tables403TABLE C.5continuedLocal environmental Transport use for Travel time Disaster prevention andplanning * work trip ** per work trip mitigation measures ***A B C Car Train Bus Other A B C(%) (%) (%) (%) (minutes)OCEANIASamoa Apia Yes No Yes … … … … … No Yes NoSource: UN-Habitat (2002), Global Urban Indicators Database 2.Notes* Table contains responses (Yes/No) to the following questions:A. Has the city established a long-term strategic planning initiative for sustainable development, involving key partners?B. Is this process institutionalized and/or has there been any legislative change to support cities to engage in sustainable development planning processes?C. Is the city implementing local environmental action plans involving key partners?** Car = private car. Train = train, tram or ferry. Bus = bus or minibus. Other = motorcycle, bicycle, and other non-motorised modes. When several modes of transport are used for a given trip, the following hierarchy isused to determine the principal mode: (1) train; (2) tram or ferry; (3) bus or minibus; (4) car; (5) taxi or motocycle; (6) bicycle or other non-motorized modes.*** Responses (Yes/No) to the following questions:In the city, are there:A. building codes ?B. hazard mapping ?C. natural disaster insurance for public and private buildings ?
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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Page 477 and 478: Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Page 481 and 482: Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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