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Index435security of tenure 134conflict perspective 71conflict resolution 97, 102, 103–104, 247, 310Confucianism 306construction see building codescontact crimes 51–52contextual vulnerabilities 9, 25co-operatives 116coping capacity 168corporate complicity, human rights abuse 273corruption 31, 59, 77, 249disaster relief 181policy responses 84, 96security of tenure 122see also organized crimeCorruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 59Costa Ricaland-use planning 227road traffic accidents 229cost–benefit analysis 285–286CPI see Corruption Perceptions IndexCPTED see crime prevention through environmental designcrimecultural factors 306data 20, 52–53definition 50fear of 56, 73hotspots 45, 49imprisonment 245–246inequality 67–68origins 12recidivism 245–246reporting 20, 52risk factors 246young offenders 246see also specific crimescrime and violence 3, 4, 5, 7, 11–15, 235–238brain drain 73capacity-building 235, 256community groups 47, 255cultural factors 66–67data 20death-related violence 11–12demographics 70developing countries 92–93economic growth 74generic victims 35international cooperation 85–88, 257local policy 47policy responses 84–85, 239–248policy trends 248–252predictable phenomena 49social intervention programmes 307tourism 73trends 45, 53urbanization 68–69urban planning 47, 69–70victim categories 72vulnerability 25youth gangs 64crime prevention 50, 106–107capacity-building 235community involvement 98–99, 106, 312design strategies 240evaluation 252–253guardianship 100–101integrated development plans 91international cooperation 85–88mentoring projects 257national government 88–90partnership mechanism 105–106, 235, 251–252place-based 69public-awareness campaigns 90Safer Cities Initiatives 87social capital 104–105, 247–248staff training 236urban planning 93, 96, 235, 239–240, 256–257,304–305urban renewal 105women’s safety audits 102–103, 246–247youth crime 103crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)69, 88, 97, 98, 106, 248, 256, 312crime prevention through social development 312Crime Trends Survey 56crime victimization surveys 20, 52criminal damage 240criminal justice systems 47, 96, 99, 244, 260restorative justice 101criminal networks 49criminals, deportation 71Crips 64Crown land 116Cubadisaster-related education 21, 298disaster risk planning 205, 212, 319–320response capacity 211cultural heritage 182–183culture 38crime 66–67security 37–38violence 12culture of fear 5, 19, 49, 55, 73currency reserves 179customary law, security of tenure 263cyber-crime 52DDMC (Dominican Disaster Mitigation Committee) 202deathshomicides 45, 52, 54, 65road traffic accidents 10suicides 54terrorism 79traffic accidents 219–220, 231violence-related 11–12war casualties 54debt crisis, disaster risk 189defensible space 31, 69, 74, 97