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376Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE B.11Governance IndicatorsVoice and Political Government Regulatory <strong>Rule</strong> <strong>of</strong> Control <strong>of</strong> Corruptionaccountability stability effectiveness quality law corruption perceptions index1996 2005 1996 2005 1996 2005 1996 2005 1996 2005 1996 2005 2000 2005WORLDAFRICAAlgeria -1.23 -0.92 -2.92 -1.09 -0.60 -0.37 -0.81 -0.63 -0.67 -0.71 -0.35 -0.43 … 2.8Angola -1.50 -1.15 -2.35 -0.82 -1.33 -0.96 -1.46 -1.24 -1.50 -1.28 -1.06 -1.09 1.7 2.0Benin 0.70 0.34 0.98 0.31 -0.02 -0.69 0.12 -0.55 -0.05 -0.59 … -1.00 … 2.9Botswana 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.94 0.45 0.79 0.60 0.76 0.76 0.70 0.45 1.10 6.0 5.9Burkina Faso -0.54 -0.37 -0.41 -0.05 -0.71 -0.60 -0.38 -0.47 -0.81 -0.54 -0.32 0.06 3.0 3.4Burundi -1.34 -1.15 -2.00 -1.65 -0.98 -1.34 -1.33 -1.22 -0.24 -1.17 … -0.86 … 2.3Cameroon -1.12 -1.19 -1.18 -0.34 -1.11 -0.90 -0.83 -0.76 -1.24 -1.02 -1.17 -1.15 2.0 2.2Cape Verde 0.86 0.83 0.98 0.88 -0.07 -0.11 -0.60 -0.21 0.04 0.21 … 0.21 … …Central African Republic -0.21 -1.15 -0.24 -1.13 -0.92 -1.47 -0.31 -1.23 -0.24 -1.29 … -1.08 … …Chad -0.83 -1.25 -0.91 -1.34 -0.66 -1.13 -0.01 -0.94 -0.24 -1.23 … -1.22 … 1.7Comoros -0.18 -0.28 0.98 -0.36 -0.66 -1.63 -0.74 -1.63 … -0.96 … -0.93 … …Congo -1.33 -0.71 -0.93 -1.24 -1.19 -1.31 -0.84 -1.20 -1.33 -1.42 -0.86 -1.01 … 2.1Côte d’Ivoire -0.25 -1.50 0.02 -2.49 0.05 -1.38 -0.13 -0.95 -0.74 -1.47 0.46 -1.23 2.7 1.9Dem. Republic <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Congo -1.29 -1.64 -2.00 -2.40 -1.72 -1.64 -2.24 -1.66 -1.89 -1.76 -2.13 -1.34 … 2.3Djibouti -0.85 -0.84 0.17 -0.74 -1.09 -0.85 -0.02 -0.86 … -0.87 … -0.64 … …Egypt -0.80 -1.15 -0.64 -0.90 -0.30 -0.35 -0.05 -0.47 0.19 0.02 0.14 -0.42 3.1 3.4Equatorial Guinea -1.56 -1.71 -0.64 0.21 -1.51 -1.42 -0.97 -1.31 … -1.33 … -1.79 … 1.9Eritrea -1.17 -1.83 0.23 -0.72 -0.34 -0.98 -0.16 -1.84 -0.24 -0.81 … -0.37 … 2.6Ethiopia -0.68 -1.10 -0.90 -1.48 -0.55 -0.97 -1.31 -1.09 -0.32 -0.77 -1.05 -0.79 3.2 2.2Gabon -0.61 -0.71 -0.43 0.22 -1.02 -0.63 -0.53 -0.26 -0.36 -0.48 -1.32 -0.61 … 2.9Gambia -1.43 -0.72 -0.03 0.18 -0.34 -0.65 -1.56 -0.42 0.20 -0.29 0.41 -0.70 … 2.7Ghana -0.41 0.41 -0.11 0.16 0.05 -0.09 0.00 -0.14 -0.17 -0.23 -0.49 -0.38 3.5 3.5Guinea -1.21 -1.18 -1.53 -1.11 -1.11 -1.03 -0.00 -0.92 -1.13 -1.11 0.41 -0.84 … …Guinea-Bissau -0.61 -0.31 -0.79 -0.51 -0.55 -1.46 0.14 -1.11 -1.65 -1.33 -1.05 -1.08 … …Kenya -0.56 -0.12 -0.65 -1.16 -0.64 -0.78 -0.43 -0.32 -0.83 -0.94 -1.12 -1.01 2.1 2.1Lesotho -0.04 0.28 0.78 0.31 0.09 -0.29 -0.72 -0.55 -0.36 -0.19 … -0.15 … 3.4Liberia -1.48 -0.92 -2.71 -1.45 -1.80 -1.36 -3.00 -1.70 -2.22 -1.60 -1.78 -1.08 … 2.2Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -1.53 -1.93 -1.78 0.30 -0.82 -0.96 -1.75 -1.44 -1.05 -0.73 -0.95 -0.89 … 2.5Madagascar 0.21 -0.01 -0.07 0.18 -0.95 -0.12 -0.08 -0.27 -0.90 -0.15 0.41 0.00 … 2.8Malawi -0.50 -0.45 -0.16 0.15 -0.67 -0.78 -0.39 -0.58 -0.25 -0.35 -1.05 -0.85 4.1 2.8Mali 0.26 0.47 0.45 0.06 -0.72 -0.46 0.12 -0.50 -0.83 -0.12 -0.32 -0.29 … 2.9Mauritania -0.91 -1.09 0.51 -0.31 0.14 -0.19 -0.69 -0.14 -0.66 -0.54 … -0.26 … …Mauritius 0.82 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.62 0.60 0.14 0.32 0.67 0.79 0.54 0.32 4.7 4.2Morocco -0.70 -0.76 -0.60 -0.43 -0.05 -0.20 0.11 -0.39 0.14 -0.10 0.26 -0.09 4.7 3.2Mozambique -0.26 -0.06 -0.59 0.04 -0.54 -0.34 -1.07 -0.60 -1.29 -0.72 -0.54 -0.68 2.2 2.8Namibia 0.46 0.36 0.62 0.50 0.25 0.09 -0.03 0.11 0.32 -0.01 0.85 0.06 5.4 4.3Niger -0.47 -0.06 -0.25 -0.56 -1.07 -0.79 -0.96 -0.53 -1.31 -0.82 -0.32 -0.83 … 2.4Nigeria -1.57 -0.69 -1.75 -1.77 -1.26 -0.92 -1.02 -1.01 -1.26 -1.38 -1.28 -1.22 1.2 1.9Réunion … 1.25 … 0.48 … 1.02 … 1.09 … 1.15 … 0.78 … …Rwanda -1.48 -1.32 -1.46 -1.21 -1.24 -1.05 -1.11 -0.73 -0.24 -1.00 … -0.81 … 3.1São Tomé and Príncipe 0.84 0.56 0.98 0.61 -0.66 -0.75 -0.38 -0.84 … -0.63 … -0.77 … …Senegal -0.23 0.30 -0.78 -0.07 -0.32 -0.15 -0.53 -0.30 -0.22 -0.26 -0.40 -0.23 3.5 3.2Seychelles 0.06 -0.04 0.98 0.84 -0.71 -0.05 -1.19 -0.09 … 0.21 … 0.01 … 4.0Sierra Leone -1.45 -0.38 -2.47 -0.48 -0.60 -1.20 -0.51 -0.94 -1.08 -1.12 -1.78 -0.99 … 2.4Somalia -1.98 -1.89 -2.40 -2.51 -1.80 -2.21 -3.00 -2.35 -1.75 -2.36 -1.78 -1.74 … 2.1South Africa 0.62 0.82 -1.17 -0.10 0.53 0.84 0.16 0.59 0.31 0.19 0.70 0.54 5.0 4.5Sudan -1.74 -1.84 -2.82 -2.05 -1.34 -1.30 -1.70 -1.29 -1.52 -1.48 -1.16 -1.40 … 2.1Swaziland -1.35 -1.28 -0.04 -0.04 -0.39 -0.84 -0.01 -0.44 0.35 -0.75 … -0.60 … 2.7Togo -1.14 -1.23 -0.72 -1.22 -0.75 -1.38 0.36 -0.81 -1.29 -1.07 -1.05 -0.70 … …Tunisia -0.60 -1.13 0.04 0.12 0.49 0.43 0.29 -0.07 0.02 0.21 -0.03 0.13 5.2 4.9Uganda -0.71 -0.59 -1.35 -1.32 -0.39 -0.48 0.14 0.01 -0.93 -0.74 -0.54 -0.87 2.3 2.5<strong>United</strong> Republic <strong>of</strong> Tanzania -0.85 -0.31 -0.20 -0.37 -1.20 -0.37 -0.35 -0.51 -0.75 -0.47 -1.10 -0.73 2.5 2.9Zambia -0.23 -0.35 -0.66 0.02 -0.75 -0.94 0.31 -0.62 -0.40 -0.62 -1.04 -0.82 3.4 2.6Zimbabwe -0.37 -1.65 -0.38 -1.58 -0.03 -1.42 -0.81 -2.20 -0.28 -1.47 -0.11 -1.24 3.0 2.6ASIAAfghanistan -1.60 -1.28 -2.06 -2.12 … -1.20 … -1.63 -1.25 -1.68 … -1.37 … 2.5Armenia -0.63 -0.64 0.19 -0.22 -0.39 -0.17 -0.81 0.12 -0.51 -0.46 -0.69 -0.64 2.5 2.9Azerbaijan -1.16 -1.16 -0.62 -1.21 -1.17 -0.73 -1.20 -0.52 -0.91 -0.84 -1.03 -1.01 1.5 2.2Bahrain -1.02 -0.85 -0.79 -0.28 0.61 0.42 0.60 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.10 0.64 … 5.8Bangladesh -0.40 -0.50 -0.87 -1.65 -0.77 -0.90 -0.41 -1.07 -0.74 -0.87 -0.49 -1.18 … 1.7Bhutan -1.47 -1.05 0.78 1.01 0.25 0.33 0.06 -0.11 -1.25 0.52 … 0.84 … …Brunei Darussalam -1.04 -1.04 1.08 1.13 1.09 0.56 3.34 0.95 0.66 0.45 0.41 0.25 … …Cambodia -0.76 -0.94 -1.39 -0.44 -0.66 -0.94 -0.31 -0.62 -0.97 -1.13 -1.00 -1.12 … 2.3China -1.36 -1.66 -0.10 -0.18 0.15 -0.11 -0.15 -0.28 -0.50 -0.47 0.00 -0.69 3.1 3.2China, Hong Kong SAR 0.49 0.26 0.08 1.19 1.93 1.63 1.75 1.89 1.67 1.50 1.64 1.68 7.7 8.3China, Macao SAR … 0.37 … 1.27 … 1.29 … 1.09 … 0.78 … 0.55 … …Cyprus 1.01 1.03 0.44 0.29 1.17 1.16 0.82 1.31 0.57 0.85 1.72 0.69 … 5.7Dem. People’s Republic <strong>of</strong> Korea -1.92 -2.06 -1.64 -0.12 -0.89 -1.82 -2.19 -2.31 -1.10 -1.15 -0.32 -1.32 … …Georgia -0.58 -0.27 -0.95 -0.80 -0.45 -0.47 -0.92 -0.54 -0.90 -0.82 -1.12 -0.57 … 2.3India 0.23 0.35 -1.03 -0.85 -0.45 -0.11 -0.13 -0.34 -0.06 0.09 -0.32 -0.31 2.8 2.9Indonesia -1.22 -0.21 -0.66 -1.42 0.08 -0.47 0.22 -0.45 -0.41 -0.87 -0.49 -0.86 1.7 2.2Iran (Islamic Republic <strong>of</strong>) -1.16 -1.43 -0.63 -1.14 -0.36 -0.77 -1.45 -1.49 -0.83 -0.76 -0.88 -0.47 … 2.9Iraq -1.80 -1.47 -3.06 -2.82 -1.30 -1.64 -2.39 -1.61 -1.63 -1.81 -1.45 -1.27 … 2.2Israel 1.03 0.61 -0.70 -1.16 1.49 0.95 1.12 0.89 1.14 0.76 1.62 0.76 6.6 6.3Japan 1.02 0.94 0.82 0.94 1.33 1.16 0.71 1.17 1.56 1.33 1.34 1.24 6.4 7.3Jordan -0.22 -0.74 0.18 -0.31 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.16 0.15 0.43 -0.09 0.33 4.6 5.7Kazakhstan -1.08 -1.19 -0.28 0.03 -1.03 -0.71 -0.32 -0.47 -0.79 -0.79 -0.90 -0.94 3.0 2.6Kuwait -0.25 -0.47 -0.01 0.11 0.17 0.39 0.20 0.43 0.61 0.67 0.70 0.84 … 4.7