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392Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE C.1continuedEstimates Annual rate Share in urbanand Projections of change population(000) (%) (%)1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990– 1995– 2000– 2005– 2010– 1990 20151995 2000 2005 2010 2015United States of America Oklahoma City 711 729 748 773 811 850 0.51 0.51 0.66 0.95 0.94 0.37 0.31United States of America Orlando 893 1,020 1,165 1,306 1,397 1,461 2.66 2.66 2.28 1.35 0.90 0.46 0.54United States of America Philadelphia 4,725 4,938 5,160 5,392 5,615 5,806 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.81 0.67 2.46 2.13United States of America Phoenix-Mesa 2,025 2,437 2,934 3,416 3,677 3,822 3.71 3.71 3.04 1.47 0.78 1.05 1.40United States of America Pittsburgh 1,681 1,717 1,755 1,806 1,883 1,962 0.43 0.43 0.58 0.84 0.82 0.87 0.72United States of America Portland 1,181 1,372 1,595 1,810 1,941 2,025 3.01 3.01 2.53 1.39 0.85 0.61 0.74United States of America Providence 1,047 1,111 1,178 1,248 1,314 1,374 1.18 1.18 1.15 1.04 0.88 0.54 0.50United States of America Richmond 696 757 822 888 942 987 1.66 1.66 1.53 1.18 0.93 0.36 0.36United States of America Riverside-San Bernardino 1,178 1,336 1,516 1,690 1,803 1,882 2.53 2.53 2.17 1.30 0.86 0.61 0.69United States of America Sacramento 1,104 1,244 1,402 1,555 1,657 1,731 2.39 2.39 2.07 1.28 0.87 0.57 0.64United States of America Salt Lake City 792 840 890 943 995 1,042 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.07 0.92 0.41 0.38United States of America San Antonio 1,134 1,229 1,333 1,436 1,518 1,585 1.62 1.62 1.49 1.12 0.87 0.59 0.58United States of America San Diego 2,356 2,514 2,683 2,852 2,994 3,110 1.30 1.30 1.22 0.97 0.77 1.22 1.14United States of America San Francisco-Oakland 2,961 3,095 3,236 3,385 3,534 3,666 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.86 0.74 1.54 1.35United States of America San Jose 1,376 1,457 1,543 1,631 1,715 1,789 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.00 0.84 0.72 0.66United States of America Seattle 2,206 2,453 2,727 2,989 3,165 3,289 2.12 2.12 1.84 1.14 0.77 1.15 1.21United States of America St. Louis 1,950 2,014 2,081 2,159 2,254 2,346 0.65 0.65 0.74 0.86 0.79 1.01 0.86United States of America Tampa-St. Petersburg 1,717 1,886 2,072 2,252 2,383 2,481 1.88 1.88 1.67 1.12 0.81 0.89 0.91United States of America Tucson 582 649 724 798 852 893 2.18 2.18 1.93 1.31 0.96 0.30 0.33United States of America Virginia Beach 1,286 1,341 1,397 1,460 1,531 1,598 0.83 0.83 0.88 0.95 0.85 0.67 0.59United States of America Washington, D.C. 3,376 3,651 3,949 4,238 4,451 4,613 1.57 1.57 1.41 0.98 0.71 1.76 1.69OCEANIAAustralia Adelaide 1,046 1,074 1,102 1,134 1,179 1,230 0.53 0.51 0.58 0.77 0.84 7.26 6.15Australia Brisbane 1,329 1,486 1,624 1,758 1,866 1,946 2.24 1.77 1.59 1.19 0.84 9.22 9.73Australia Melbourne 3,117 3,257 3,433 3,626 3,796 3,933 0.88 1.05 1.10 0.91 0.71 21.63 19.66Australia Perth 1,160 1,273 1,373 1,474 1,560 1,627 1.87 1.51 1.42 1.13 0.85 8.05 8.14Australia Sydney 3,632 3,839 4,078 4,331 4,540 4,701 1.11 1.21 1.20 0.95 0.70 25.20 23.50Austria Wien (Vienna) 2,096 2,127 2,158 2,260 2,352 2,379 0.29 0.29 0.92 0.80 0.24 41.22 42.40New Zealand Auckland 870 976 1,063 1,148 1,208 1,240 2.30 1.71 1.55 1.01 0.53 30.09 32.99Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2006Notes:(1) As of 1 July 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.(2) Including Santos.(3) Including Joinville.
Data tables393TABLE C.2Population of Capital Cities (2005)AFRICA (000) (000) (000)Algeria El Djazaïr (Algiers) 3,200 Ethiopia Addis Ababa 2,893 Réunion Saint-Denis 137Angola Luanda 2,766 Gabon Libreville 556 Rwanda Kigali 779Benin Cotonou 1 719 Gambia Banjul 381 Saint Helena Jamestown 1Benin Porto-Novo 1 242 Ghana Accra 1,981 São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé 4,193Botswana Gaborone 210 Guinea Conakry 1,425 Senegal Dakar 1,106Burkina Faso Ouagadougou 926 Guinea-Bissau Bissau 367 Seychelles Victoria 799Burundi Bujumbura 447 Kenya Nairobi 2,773 Sierra Leone Freetown 4,326Cameroon Yaoundé 1,485 Lesotho Maseru 172 Somalia Muqdisho (Mogadishu) 400Cape Verde Praia 117 Liberia Monrovia 936 South Africa Bloemfontein 3 3,083Central African RepublicBangui 541 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Tarabulus (Tripoli) 2,098 South Africa Cape Town 3 1,271Chad N’Djaména 888 Madagascar Antananarivo 1,585 South Africa Pretoria 3 5,608Comoros Moroni 44 Malawi Lilongwe 676 Sudan Al-Khartum (Khartoum) 4,518Congo Brazzaville 1,173 Mali Bamako 1,368 Swaziland Mbabane 4 73Côte d’Ivoire Abidjan 2 3,577 Mauritania Nouakchott 637 Togo Lomé 1,337Côte d’Ivoire Yamoussoukro 2 490 Mauritius Port Louis 146 Tunisia Tunis 734Dem. Republic Morocco Rabat 1,647 Uganda Kampala 1,319of the Congo Kinshasa 6,049 Mozambique Maputo 1,320 United Republic ofDjibouti Djibouti 555 Namibia Windhoek 289 Tanzania Dodoma 168Egypt Al-Qahirah (Cairo) 11,128 Niger Niamey 850 Western Sahara El Aaiún 185Equatorial Guinea Malabo 96 Nigeria Abuja 612 Zambia Lusaka 1,260Eritrea Asmera 551 Zimbabwe Harare 1,515ASIA (000) (000) (000)Afghanistan Kabul 2,994 Iraq Baghdad 5,904 Philippines Manila 10,686Armenia Yerevan 1,103 Israel Jerusalem 711 Qatar Ad-Dawhah (Doha) 357Azerbaijan Baku 1,856 Japan Tokyo 35,197 Republic of Korea Soul (Seoul) 9,645Bahrain Al-Manamah (Manama) 162 Jordan Amman 1,292 Saudi Arabia Ar-Riyadh (Riyadh) 2,159Bangladesh Dhaka 12,430 Kazakhstan Astana 331 Singapore Singapore 424Bhutan Thimphu 85 Kuwait Al Kuwayt (Kuwait City) 1,810 Sri Lanka Colombo 9 119Brunei Darussalam Bandar Seri Begawan 64 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek 798 Sri Lanka Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte 9 26Cambodia Phnum Pénh (Phnom Penh) 1,364 Lao People’s Dem. Vientiane 702 Syrian Arab Republic Dimashq (Damascus) 2,272China Beijing 10,717 Republic Lebanon Bayrut (Beirut) 1,777 Tajikistan Dushanbe 549China, Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong 5 7,041 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 8 1,405 Thailand Krung Thep (Bangkok) 6,593China, Macao SAR Macao 6 460 Maldives Male 89 Timor-Leste Dili 156Cyprus Lefkosia (Nicosia) 211 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 863 Turkey Ankara 3,573Dem. People’s Myanmar Rangoon 4,107 Turkmenistan Ashgabat 711Republic of Korea P’yongyang 3,351 Nepal Kathmandu 815 United Arab Emirates Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) 597Georgia Tbilisi 1,047 Occupied Uzbekistan Tashkent 2,181India Delhi 7 15,048 Palestinian Territory Ramallah 63 Viet Nam Hà Noi 4,164Indonesia Jakarta 13,215 Oman Masqat 565 Yemen Sana’a’ 1,801Iran (Islamic Republic of) Tehran 7,314 Pakistan Islamabad 736EUROPE (000) (000) (000)Albania Tiranë (Tirana) 388 Gibraltar Gibraltar 28 Norway Oslo 802Andorra Andorra la Vella 22 Greece Athínai (Athens) 3,230 Poland Warszawa (Warsaw) 1,680Austria Wien (Vienna) 2,260 Holy See Vatican City 1 Portugal Lisboa (Lisbon) 2,761Belarus Minsk 1,778 Hungary Budapest 1,693 Republic of Moldova Chisinau 598Belgium Bruxelles-Brussel 1,012 Iceland Reykjavík 185 Romania Bucuresti (Bucharest) 1,934Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 380 Ireland Dublin 1,037 Russian Federation Moskva (Moscow) 10,654Bulgaria Sofiya (Sofia) 1,093 Isle of Man Douglas 27 San Marino San Marino 57Channel Islands St. Helier 29 Italy Roma (Rome) 3,348 Serbia and Montenegro Beograd (Belgrade) 25Croatia Zagreb 689 Latvia Riga 729 Slovakia Bratislava 263Czech Republic Praha (Prague) 1,171 Liechtenstein Vaduz 5 Slovenia Ljubljana 61Denmark København (Copenhagen) 1,088 Lithuania Vilnius 553 Spain Madrid 652Estonia Tallinn 392 Luxembourg Luxembourg-Ville 77 Sweden Stockholm 1,708Faeroe Islands Tórshavn 18 Malta Valletta 210 Switzerland Bern 357Finland Helsinki 1,091 Monaco Monaco 35 TFYR Macedonia Skopje 11 475France Paris 9,820 Netherlands Amsterdam 10 1,147 Ukraine Kyiv (Kiev) 2,672Germany Berlin 3,389 Netherlands The Hague 10 729 United Kingdom London 8,505LATIN AMERICAAND THECARIBBEAN (000) (000) (000)Anguilla The Valley 1 French Guiana Cayenne 59 Saint Lucia Castries 13Antigua and Barbuda St. John’s 32 Grenada St.George’s 32 Saint Vincent and Kingstown 41Argentina Buenos Aires 12,550 Guadeloupe Pointe-à-Pitre 19 the GrenadinesAruba Oranjestad 30 Guatemala Ciudad de Guatemala 984 Suriname Paramaribo 268Bahamas Nassau 233 (Guatemala City) Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain 52Barbados Bridgetown 142 Guyana Georgetown 134 Turks and Caicos Islands Grand Turk 4Belize Belmopan 14 Haiti Port-au-Prince 2,129 United States Virgin Charlotte Amalie 52Bolivia La Paz 12 1,527 Honduras Tegucigalpa 927 IslandsBolivia Sucre 12 227 Jamaica Kingston 576 Uruguay Montevideo 1,264Brazil Brasília 3,341 Martinique Fort-de-France 91 Venezuela Caracas 2,913British Virgin Islands Road Town 13 Mexico Ciudad de México 19,411Cayman Islands George Town 26 (Mexico City)Chile Santiago 5,683 Montserrat Brades Estate 13 1Colombia Santa Fé de Bogotá 7,747 Montserrat Plymouth 13 0Costa Rica San José 1,217 Netherlands Antilles Willemstad 125Cuba La Habana (Havana) 2,189 Nicaragua Managua 1,165Dominica Roseau 14 Panama Ciudad de Panamá 1,216Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 2,022 (Panama City)Ecuador Quito 1,514 Paraguay Asunción 1,858El Salvador San Salvador 1,517 Peru Lima 7,186Falkland Islands Stanley 2 Puerto Rico San Juan 2,605(Malvinas) Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre 13
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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