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First published by Earthscan in the UK and US in 2007Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2007All rights reservedUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)PO Box 30030, GPO Nairobi 00100, KenyaTel: +254 20 762 3120Fax: +254 20 762 3477/4266/4267Web: www.unhabitat.orgDISCLAIMERThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariatof the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, orregarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the UnitedNations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Member States.HS/943/07EISBN:978-1-84407-475-4 (hardback)978-1-84407-479-2 (paperback)978-92-113-1929-3 (UN-Habitat Series)978-92-113-1920-0 (UN-Habitat paperback)978-92-113-1921-7 (UN-Habitat hardback)Typeset by MapSet Ltd, GatesheadPrinted and bound in Malta by Gutenberg PressCover design by Susanne HarrisFor a full list of publications please contact:Earthscan8–12 Camden High StreetLondon, NW1 0JH, UKTel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998Email: earthinfo@earthscan.co.ukWeb: www.earthscan.co.uk22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USEarthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and DevelopmentA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEnhancing urban safety and security : global report on human settlements 2007 / United Nations Human Settlements Programme.p. cm.ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-475-4 (hardback)ISBN-10: 1-84407-475-7 (hardback)ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-479-2 (pbk.)ISBN-10: 1-84407-479-X (pbk.)1. Urban policy. 2. Housing policy. 3. Eviction. 4. Emergency management. 5. Disasters—Risk assessment. 6. Urban violence—Prevention. 7. Crime prevention. 8.City planning. I. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.HT151.E64 200307.76—dc222007023425Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper
FOREWORDOver the past decade, the world has witnessed growing threats to the safety and security of cities and towns. Some have comein the form of catastrophic events, while others have been manifestations of poverty and inequality or of rapid and chaoticurbanization processes. This publication, Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007,addresses some of the most challenging threats to the safety and security of urban dwellers today.As the report tells us, urban violence and crime are increasing worldwide, giving rise to widespread fear and drivingaway investment in many cities. This is especially true in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, where urban gang violenceis on the rise. Recent widespread violence in the banlieus of Paris and throughout urban France, as well as terrorist attacks inNew York, Madrid and London, have all demonstrated that cities within high-income countries are also vulnerable.Large numbers of people in cities all over the world, including most of the 1 billion currently living in slums, have nosecurity of tenure, while at least 2 million are forcibly evicted every year. Forced evictions predominantly affect those living inthe worst housing conditions, especially vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, including women and children. Many suchevictions are carried out in the name of urban redevelopment, with little regard for consequences among the poor, who are leftwithout alternative shelter provisions. The resulting social exclusion swells the army of the poor and the angry.As this report points out, there is a very real nexus between natural events and human safety and security. The vulnerabilityof cities is increasing due to climate change, which has accelerated extreme weather events and rising sea levels. At thesame time, urban slums are expanding into areas vulnerable to floods, landslides, industrial pollution and other hazards.The report highlights the key role urban planning and governance have to play in making our cities safe and secure forgenerations to come. Through its documentation of many successful experiences, it promotes learning and sharing of knowledgeon urban safety and security. I commend it to all those interested in the health of cities around the world.Ban Ki-moonSecretary-GeneralUnited Nations
Page 3: ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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Page 22 and 23: LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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Page 38 and 39: 4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
Page 41 and 42: 1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
Page 43 and 44: Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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