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330Statistical annexIslands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal,Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,Qatar, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan,Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, United ArabEmirates, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen.Eastern European States: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan,Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, CzechRepublic, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbiaand Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, TFYR Macedonia,Ukraine.Latin American and Caribbean States: Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia,Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada,Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.Western Europe and other States: Andorra, Australia,Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands,New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom.Countries in the Human Developmentaggregates 3High human development (HDI 0.800 and above): 4Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados,Belgium, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, HongKong SAR of China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Japan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saint Kitts andNevis, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, UnitedArab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay.Medium human development (HDI 0.500–0.799): 5Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Azerbaijan,Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Cambodia, Cape Verde,China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Dominica, DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji,Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana,Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of),Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco,Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Occupied PalestinianTerritories, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,Peru, Philippines, Republic of Moldova, Romania, RussianFederation, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, SolomonIslands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, SyrianArab Republic, Tajikistan, TFYR Macedonia, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine,Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zimbabwe.Low human development (HDI 0.500 and below): 6 Angola,Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal,Sierra Leone, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania,Yemen, Zambia.Countries in the income aggregates 7The World Bank classifies all member economies and allother economies with population of more than 30,000. Inthe 2006 World Development Report, economies are dividedamong income groups according to 2004 GNI per capita,calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. The groupsare:High income: Andorra, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas,Bahrain, Belgium, Bermuda, Brunei Darussalam, Canada,Cayman Islands, Channel Islands, Cyprus, Denmark, FaeroeIslands, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Greece,Greenland, Guam, Hong Kong SAR of China, Iceland,Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macao SAR of China, Malta,Monaco, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia,New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Republicof Korea, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, UnitedKingdom, United States, United States Virgin Islands.Upper-middle income: American Samoa, Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Chile,Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Dominica, Estonia,Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Grenada, Hungary, Latvia,Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Malaysia,Mauritius, Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Palau,Panama, Poland, Russian Federation, Seychelles, SouthAfrica, Slovakia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey,Uruguay, Venezuela.Lower-middle income: Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia,Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,Bulgaria, Cape Verde, China, Colombia, Cuba, Djibouti,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji,Georgia, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Iraq, Iran (IslamicRepublic of), Jamaica, Jordan, Indonesia, Kazakhstan,Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (FederatedStates of), Morocco, Namibia, Occupied PalestinianTerritories, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Samoa,
Technical notes331Serbia and Montenegro, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland,Syrian Arab Republic, TFYR Macedonia, Thailand, Tonga,Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Vanuatu.Low income: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan,Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire,Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, India, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, LaoPeople’s Democratic Republic, Liberia, Lesotho,Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia,Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda,Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, SolomonIslands, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Togo,Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Uzbekistan, VietNam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.Sub-regional aggregates■ AfricaEastern Africa: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea,Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius,Mozambique Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia,Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.Middle Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe.Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara.Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Swaziland.Western Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côted’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saint Helena, Senegal,Sierra Leone, Togo.■ AsiaEastern Asia: China, China, Hong Kong SAR, China, MacaoSAR, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan,Mongolia, Republic of Korea.South-central Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.Southeastern Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,Democratic Republic of East Timor, Indonesia, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam.Western Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus,Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, OccupiedPalestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian ArabRepublic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen■ EuropeEastern Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic,Hungary, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, RussianFederation, Slovakia, Ukraine.Northern Europe: Channel Islands, Denmark, Estonia,Faeroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Latvia,Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom.Southern Europe: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Croatia, Gibraltar, Greece, Holy See, Italy,Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro,Slovenia, Spain, TFYR Macedonia.Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands,Switzerland.■ Latin America and the CaribbeanCaribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas,Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti,Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles,Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia. Saint Vincentand the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and CaicosIslands, United States Virgin Islands.Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,Ecuador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana,Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.■ Northern AmericaBermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon,United States.■ OceaniaAustralia/New Zealand: Australia, New Zealand.Melanesia: Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea,Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.Micronesia: Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia(Federated States of), Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands,Palau.Polynesia: American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia,Niue, Pitcairn, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis andFutuna Islands.
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xxxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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Page 338 and 339: 304Summary of case studiesSince its
Page 340 and 341: 306Summary of case studies• The e
Page 342 and 343: 308Summary of case studiestions wit
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Page 348 and 349: 314Summary of case studiespurposes.
Page 350 and 351: 316Summary of case studiesThese eff
Page 352 and 353: 318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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Page 358 and 359: 324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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Page 366 and 367: 332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
Page 368 and 369: 334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
Page 370 and 371: 336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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