Download the file - United Nations Rule of Law

More documents

Recommendations

Info

INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 addresses three major threats to the safety andsecurity of cities, which are: urban crime and violence; insecurity of tenure and forced evictions; and natural and human-madedisasters. It analyses worldwide conditions and trends with respect to these threats and pays particular attention to their underlyingcauses and impacts, as well as to the good policies and best practices that have been adopted at the city, national andinternational levels. The report adopts a human security perspective, the concern of which is with the safety and security ofpeople, rather than states, and highlights concerns that can be addressed through appropriate urban policy, planning, designand governance.The report examines a broad spectrum of crime and violence, all of which are generally on the rise globally. Over theperiod 1980–2000, total recorded crime rates in the world increased by about 30 per cent, from 2300 to over 3000 crimes per100,000 people. Over the past five years, 60 per cent of all urban residents in developing countries have been victims of crime.The report shows that while the incidence of terrorist-related violence is quantitatively smaller in relation to other types ofviolence, it has, however, significantly worsened the impacts of violence on cities in recent years. These impacts include:increased fear among urban residents; falling income resulting from the destruction or flight of businesses from affected areas;growth of the private security industry and of urban gated communities; and the diversion of development resources towardsinvestment in public and private security. The report highlights several policy responses aimed at reducing crime and violence,ranging from effective urban planning, design and governance, through community-based approaches in which communitiestake ownership of the various crime and violence prevention initiatives, to reduction of risk factors by focusing on groups thatare likely to be perpetrators of crime, such as the youth.Turning to insecurity of tenure and forced evictions, the report estimates that at least 2 million people in the world areforcibly evicted every year. The most insecure urban residents are the world’s 1 billion poor people living in slums. Incidents offorced eviction are often linked to bulldozing of slums and informal enterprises in developing countries, as well as to processesof gentrification, public infrastructure development, and urban redevelopment and beautification projects. The report emphasizesthat forced evictions are most prevalent in areas with the worst housing conditions; that women, children and othervulnerable and disadvantaged groups are most negatively affected by evictions; and that evictions invariably increase, ratherthan reduce, the problems that they aim to ‘solve’. The report documents a number of recent policy responses to the threat oftenure insecurity, including, at the international level, legislation against forced evictions and secure tenure campaigns and, atthe national level, policies on upgrading and regularization, titling and legalization, as well as improved land administration andregistration.With respect to disasters, which are increasing globally, the report shows that, between 1974 and 2003, 6367 naturaldisasters occurred globally, causing the death of 2 million people and affecting 5.1 billion people. A total of 182 million peoplewere made homeless, while reported economic damage amounted to US$1.38 trillion. The report also shows that the aggregateimpact of small-scale hazards on urban dwellers can be considerable. For example, traffic accidents kill over 1.2 millionpeople annually worldwide. Factors rendering cities particularly vulnerable include rapid and unplanned urbanization; concentrationof economic wealth in cities; environmental modifications through human actions; expansion of slums (often intohazardous locations); and ineffective land-use planning and enforcement of building codes. An increasingly important factor isclimate change. There has been a 50 per cent rise in extreme weather events associated with climate change from the 1950s tothe 1990s, and major cities located in coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise. Cities have been able to reducedisaster risk through, among other approaches, effective land-use planning and design of disaster-resistant buildings and infrastructure,improved risk mapping, institutional reform and training, establishment of effective communication and emergencyresponse systems, as well as strengthening of reconstruction capacity. At the national level, governments are putting in placedisaster risk reduction legislation, strengthening early warning systems, and instituting inclusive governance and planning inorder to strengthen the resilience of cities and communities.An important socio-economic determinant of vulnerability to the three threats to urban safety and security addressed inthe report is poverty. The urban poor are more exposed to crime, forced evictions and natural hazards than the rich. They aremore vulnerable to disasters than the rich because they are often located on sites prone to floods, landslides and pollution. Theurban poor also have limited access to assets, thus limiting their ability to respond to hazards or manage risk, for examplethrough insurance. Because the poor are politically powerless, it is unlikely that they will receive the necessary social services
Introductionviifollowing disasters. The report therefore highlights the need for policy responses that place people, poverty reduction andcommunity participation at the centre. It is my belief that this report will significantly raise global awareness of the currentthreats to the safety and security of our cities and assist in the identification of appropriate policy responses at the urban,national and international levels.Anna Kajumulo TibaijukaUnder-Secretary-General and Executive DirectorUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)
Page 3: ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
Page 6 and 7: First published by Earthscan in the
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
Page 12 and 13: xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
Page 14 and 15: xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
Page 16 and 17: xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
Page 18 and 19: xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
Page 20 and 21: xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 22 and 23: LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
Page 24 and 25: xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 26 and 27: xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 28 and 29: xxviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
Page 30 and 31: xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
Page 32 and 33: xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
Page 34: xxxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
Page 38 and 39: 4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
Page 41 and 42: 1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
Page 43 and 44: Current threats to urban safety and
Page 57 and 58: 2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
Page 59 and 60:
Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75:
Page 80 and 81:
46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
Page 82 and 83:
48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
Page 84 and 85:
50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
Page 86 and 87:
52Urban crime and violenceContact c
Page 88 and 89:
54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
Page 90 and 91:
56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
Page 92 and 93:
58Urban crime and violencePercentag
Page 94 and 95:
60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
Page 96 and 97:
62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
Page 98 and 99:
64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
68Urban crime and violenceType of v
Page 104 and 105:
70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
Page 106 and 107:
72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
Page 108 and 109:
74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
Page 110 and 111:
76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
Page 112 and 113:
78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
Page 118 and 119:
4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
Page 120 and 121:
86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
Page 122 and 123:
88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
Page 124 and 125:
90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
Page 126 and 127:
92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
Page 128 and 129:
94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
Page 130 and 131:
96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
Page 132 and 133:
98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
Page 134 and 135:
100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
Page 136 and 137:
102Urban crime and violenceIn some
Page 138 and 139:
104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
Page 140 and 141:
106Urban crime and violenceThe most
Page 142:
108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
Page 146 and 147:
112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
Page 148 and 149:
5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
Page 150 and 151:
116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
Page 152 and 153:
118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
Page 154 and 155:
120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
Page 156 and 157:
122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
Page 158 and 159:
124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
Page 160 and 161:
126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
Page 162 and 163:
128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
Page 164 and 165:
130Security of tenureOperationMuram
Page 166 and 167:
132Security of tenureControl of lan
Page 168 and 169:
134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
Page 170 and 171:
136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
Page 172 and 173:
138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
Page 174 and 175:
140Security of tenureIt would be fo
Page 176 and 177:
142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
Page 178 and 179:
144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
Page 180 and 181:
146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
Page 182 and 183:
148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
Page 184 and 185:
150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
Page 186 and 187:
152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
Page 188 and 189:
154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
Page 190 and 191:
156Security of tenureThe state is o
Page 192 and 193:
158Security of tenureHousing rights
Page 197 and 198:
Over the last three decades, natura
Page 199 and 200:
Introduction165One of the key trend
Page 201 and 202:
7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
Page 203 and 204:
Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
Page 231 and 232:
Policy responses to disaster risk19
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251:
Page 254 and 255:
220Natural and human-made disasters
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266:
Page 270 and 271:
236Towards safer and more secure ci
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
Page 312 and 313:
12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334:
Page 338 and 339:
304Summary of case studiesSince its
Page 340 and 341:
306Summary of case studies• The e
Page 342 and 343:
308Summary of case studiestions wit
Page 344 and 345:
310Summary of case studiesenvironme
Page 346 and 347:
312Summary of case studiesothers. O
Page 348 and 349:
314Summary of case studiespurposes.
Page 350 and 351:
316Summary of case studiesThese eff
Page 352 and 353:
318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
Page 354 and 355:
320Summary of case studiestion exer
Page 356 and 357:
322Summary of case studiesHousing r
Page 358 and 359:
324Summary of case studiesProlonged
Page 360:
326Summary of case studiesmomentum
Page 364 and 365:
330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
Page 366 and 367:
332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
Page 368 and 369:
334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
Page 370 and 371:
336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 467 and 468:
INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
Page 469 and 470:
Index435security of tenure 134confl
Page 471 and 472:
Index437domestic abuse see intimate
Page 473 and 474:
Index439hazard management 169hazard
Page 475 and 476:
Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
Page 477 and 478:
Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
Page 479 and 480:
Index445individual 34-35municipal f
Page 481 and 482:
Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
show all

Download the file - United Nations Rule of Law

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?