340Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE A.2continuedNumber <strong>of</strong> agglomerations Distribution <strong>of</strong> urban population PopulationEstimates and projections by size <strong>of</strong> agglomerations Estimates and projections(%) (%) (%) (000) (000) (000)Size <strong>of</strong> urban agglomeration 1985 2000 2015 1985 2000 2015 1985 2000 2015Fewer than 500 000 … … … 71.10 72.61 72.42 89,219 101,576 107,620Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean10 million or more 2 4 4 10.02 14.67 13.36 27,504 57,816 68,2685 to 10 million 3 3 4 8.80 4.85 5.77 24,135 19,101 29,5021 to 5 million 26 44 63 18.16 21.68 25.87 49,827 85,475 132,169500 000 to 1 million 34 51 57 8.62 8.96 8.03 23,648 35,339 41,014Fewer than 500 000 … … … 54.40 49.84 46.97 149,240 196,481 240,000Caribbean10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 3 4 4 27.83 34.48 35.89 4,782 8,024 10,175500 000 to 1 million 2 1 3 8.30 2.49 6.77 1,427 579 1,918Fewer than 500 000 … … … 63.86 63.04 57.34 10,971 14,670 16,257Central America10 million or more 1 1 1 22.01 19.32 17.65 14,109 18,066 21,5685 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 3 12 21 9.80 20.95 29.49 6,283 19,592 36,033500 000 to 1 million 13 21 24 13.66 15.39 14.36 8,759 14,393 17,548Fewer than 500 000 … … … 54.53 44.35 38.50 34,960 41,477 47,047South America10 million or more 1 3 3 6.94 14.33 12.96 13,395 39,749 46,7005 to 10 million 3 3 4 12.50 6.89 8.19 24,135 19,101 29,5021 to 5 million 20 28 38 20.08 20.86 23.85 38,763 57,859 85,960500 000 to 1 million 19 29 30 6.97 7.34 5.98 13,463 20,367 21,548Fewer than 500 000 … … … 53.51 50.59 49.03 103,309 140,334 176,696Nor<strong>the</strong>rn America10 million or more 2 2 2 12.95 11.90 10.95 26,008 29,659 32,9705 to 10 million 1 2 5 3.63 5.41 10.72 7,285 13,494 32,2731 to 5 million 31 37 44 31.94 34.32 32.12 64,163 85,531 96,731500 000 to 1 million 31 39 42 10.54 11.01 9.71 21,185 27,443 29,239Fewer than 500 000 … … … 40.95 37.36 36.51 82,258 93,115 109,949Oceania10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 4 6 6 49.26 58.10 55.42 8,583 12,672 14,678500 000 to 1 million 2 — 2 10.36 — 4.30 1,805 — 1,139Fewer than 500 000 … … … 40.38 41.91 40.29 7,035 9,142 10,670Australia/New Zealand10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million 4 6 6 53.28 63.70 61.76 8,583 12,672 14,678500 000 to 1 million 2 — 2 11.21 — 4.79 1,805 — 1,139Fewer than 500 000 … … … 35.51 36.30 33.45 5,720 7,223 7,950Melanesia10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million — — — — — — — — —500 000 to 1 million — — — — — — — — —Fewer than 500 000 … … … 100.00 100.00 100.00 900 1,332 1,938Micronesia10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million — — — — — — — — —500 000 to 1 million — — — — — — — — —Fewer than 500 000 … … … 100.00 100.00 100.00 217 332 460Polynesia10 million or more — — — — — — — — —5 to 10 million — — — — — — — — —1 to 5 million — — — — — — — — —500 000 to 1 million — — — — — — — — —Fewer than 500 000 … … … 100.00 100.00 100.00 198 255 322Source: <strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong>, Department <strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2006
Data tables341TABLE A.3Shelter IndicatorsTotal number <strong>of</strong> householdsWater and sanitation coverageEstimates and 5-year increment Improved Improved Householdprojections (000) drinking water sanitation connections(000) (%) (%) (%)2000 2030 2005- 2010- 2015- 2020- 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 20042010 2015 2020 2025World 1,568,693 2,653,762 192,576 184,059 182,630 175,921 78 83 49 59 49 54World Major AggregatesMore Developed Regions 469,276 601,034 28,355 23,216 19,623 16,936 100 99 100 99 97 97Less Developed Regions 1,099,417 2,052,728 164,221 160,843 163,007 158,985 71 80 35 50 37 44Least Developed Countries 121,848 288,339 21,915 24,267 28,942 33,586 52 62 28 39 12 14Landlocked Developing Countries 65,128 142,717 9,991 11,469 13,492 15,702 56 69 32 47 24 27Small Island Developing States 12,209 19,694 1,374 1,291 1,227 1,184 84 83 71 70 44 53<strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> Regional GroupsAfrican States 163,509 387,272 32,596 32,827 37,107 42,760 61 71 38 46 24 29Asian States 833,654 1,458,357 113,795 109,915 107,996 98,854 82 80 61 67 41 46Eastern European States 133,688 145,841 5,606 1,983 710 -212 94 93 96 88 77 77Latin American and Caribbean States 128,557 226,806 17,208 16,856 16,514 15,893 84 90 70 79 64 76Western European and O<strong>the</strong>r States 197,992 264,277 12,625 11,724 10,403 9,360 99 99 98 99 96 99Human Development AggregatesHigh Human Development 438,856 602,758 30,996 28,999 25,978 23,774 98 98 96 97 92 92Medium Human Development 982,469 1,691,491 130,896 124,509 119,645 111,792 78 82 58 66 43 52Low Human Development 129,199 319,586 28,062 27,787 31,558 36,335 50 61 30 38 13 14Income AggregatesHigh Income 364,139 496,742 24,972 23,471 20,943 19,087 100 100 100 100 97 97Middle Income 785,958 1,314,779 98,271 91,251 88,643 83,619 86 87 76 80 60 70Upper-middle Income 179,399 261,869 16,221 13,937 13,396 12,297 93 91 86 85 69 82Low-middle Income 606,560 1,052,909 82,050 77,314 75,247 71,322 80 83 66 74 50 58Low Income 416,993 839,039 69,093 69,083 72,773 72,922 55 64 28 39 15 19Geographic AggregatesAfrica 163,509 387,272 32,596 32,827 37,107 42,760 61 71 38 46 24 29Eastern Africa 50,046 121,636 8,711 10,296 12,505 14,913 58 65 36 44 22 21Middle Africa 19,897 58,675 4,549 5,730 6,930 8,323 40 59 19 33 8 15Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Africa 30,060 57,110 4,789 4,680 4,771 4,580 80 85 67 75 50 56Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa 15,120 25,358 3,235 873 566 633 78 82 42 43 28 39Western Africa 48,386 124,495 11,311 11,249 12,334 14,312 50 63 24 34 10 14Asia 854,279 1,493,623 116,256 112,485 110,510 101,175 82 83 59 68 46 53Eastern Asia 431,691 737,806 57,263 53,201 53,875 48,049 83 86 62 66 57 70South-central Asia 265,789 480,182 38,296 39,002 36,686 34,181 74 76 42 56 31 29South-eastern Asia 119,989 201,746 15,345 14,526 13,453 12,095 82 77 57 64 29 36Western Asia 36,809 73,889 5,352 5,756 6,496 6,849 87 91 76 84 69 78Europe 289,818 340,219 13,533 8,836 6,404 4,640 99 99 99 96 95 92Eastern Europe 119,901 130,818 5,179 1,730 616 -266 98 93 96 91 87 80Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Europe 39,990 54,891 2,692 2,615 2,407 2,332 99 99 99 95 94 95Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe 51,855 61,276 2,150 1,639 1,162 833 98 98 97 96 89 88Western Europe 78,053 93,211 3,511 2,850 2,218 1,742 100 100 100 100 100 100Latin America 128,557 226,806 17,208 16,856 16,514 15,893 84 90 70 79 64 76Caribbean 10,216 15,543 1,041 942 872 785 92 92 86 88 67 74Central America 30,456 55,358 4,199 4,372 4,366 4,132 79 90 56 69 61 78South America 87,847 155,838 11,962 11,537 11,272 10,972 81 89 69 79 63 77Nor<strong>the</strong>rn America 122,085 188,393 11,849 11,894 10,903 10,249 100 100 100 100 100 97Oceania 10,445 17,448 1,135 1,161 1,192 1,203 83 84 76 79 49 56Australia/New Zealand 8,769 14,325 929 939 941 920 100 100 100 100 … …Melanesia 1,447 2,774 184 198 228 266 50 54 56 50 20 21Micronesia 106 162 10 13 11 7 85 88 63 70 25 36Polynesia 123 187 12 11 11 10 96 95 86 95 50 66Source: UN-Habitat, 2006. Figures in regional, income or development aggregates are calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> country/area level data from Tables B.4 and B.5.Note: Lists <strong>of</strong> countries/areas in aggregates are presented in <strong>the</strong> Technical Notes.
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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232Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe