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434Enhancing Urban Safety and Securitycadastres 144Cairo (Egypt), City of the Dead 32calamity funds 212Cambodiacommunity action 304security of tenure 122, 313–314Canadacrime prevention 89, 99, 257human trafficking 64natural disasters 190security of tenure 123, 150cannabis 61, 228capabilities 8capacity-buildingcrime and violence 92, 235, 256disaster management 281car crime 240car ownership 223CBOs see community-based organizationsCCTV see closed-circuit television camerasCentre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) 16, 124,151CESCR see Committee on Economic, Social and CulturalRightschemical releases 167see also human-made...Chernobyl (Ukraine) (1986) nuclear disaster 18, 210Chicago (US), heat waves (1995) 181child abuse 58, 76child density 14, 70childrendisaster impacts 181disaster risk education 296housing rights 155, 317human trafficking 63road traffic accidents 222street 58–59, 76, 186, 308child soldiers 103Chile, disaster impacts 182Chinadisaster impacts 18infrastructure projects 128large-scale evictions 128Olympic Games 129security of tenure 123, 131, 133urbanization 111, 122urban villages 133cholera 10chronic vulnerabilities 9, 25citiesrisk assessments 197–198violent crime trends 54–56see also individual citiesCities Alliance 138, 153, 262city charters 272City Development Strategies 257city government see local governmentcity sizecrime incidence 45, 68disaster risk 184violence 12civilization perspective 71civil law, security of tenure 263civil society 37–38clientalism 182climate change 17, 26, 27–28disaster risks 185–186, 289–290closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV) 98, 241, 305coastal land erosion 205cocaine 61codes of behaviour 40COHRE see Centre on Housing Rights and EvictionsColombiaconflict resolution 102crime and violence 13driver impairment 228Millennium Development Goals 279natural disasters 190terrorist attacks 66commercial secrecy 198Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor 153, 154Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(CESCR) 119, 133, 145, 150, 264, 271common law, security of tenure 263communal tenure 115communicationdisaster risk planning 209disaster risk reduction 165Hurricane Katrina 290partnerships 253risk 210–211communitarianism 306community action planning 9community-based initiativescrime and violence 47, 96, 98–99, 105, 235, 242, 260disaster risk reduction 204community-based organizations (CBOs)HLP rights 236security of tenure 262community buy-in 14community development councils 9, 304community groupscrime and violence 47, 90–92, 98–99, 255disaster risk 164, 202partnership mechanisms 253, 254–255pre-disaster planning 165response to crime 14, 242tenure regularization 140community justice 310community participationcrime and violence 99reconstruction 296community risk mapping see participatory risk mappingcommunity view 242compulsory acquisition 126–127conditional freehold (‘rent to buy’) 115conflictforced evictions 124