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382Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE B.13Conviction StatisticsRates are per 100 000 population (latest available data)ProsecutionPersons convictedstaffgrand intent homicide non-int assault rape robbery major theft automob burglary fraud embez- drug briberytotal commit attempt homicide theft theft zlement offenceWORLDAFRICAEgypt 1999 25.36 … 3.38 2.87 1.97 1.84 … 3.39 … … … … … 0.82 28.32 0.84Egypt 2000 27.96 … 3.86 3.88 3.58 3.02 … 3.42 … … … … … 1.75 40.53 1.92Ethiopia 2001 0.22 3.16 0.34 0.20 0.23 … 0.02 0.54 0.00 0.04 … … 0.61 0.01 0.01 0.03Ethiopia 2002 0.23 4.46 0.46 0.23 0.58 … 0.06 0.75 0.01 0.07 … … 0.63 0.00 0.01 0.02South Africa 2001 4.91 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …South Africa 2002 5.58 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Swaziland 1999 … 1,285.37 2.75 0.49 0.39 446.90 5.20 25.50 255.62 274.95 … 117.90 1.28 … 43.16Swaziland 2000 … 1,333.88 0.96 0.96 0.19 420.57 3.16 25.17 248.13 265.65 … 125.65 0.57 … 50.33Zambia 1999 0.21 33.26 1.34 0.03 … 9.22 0.60 1.96 10.24 28.57 0.18 2.89 0.53 … 2.28 3.34Zambia 2000 0.18 19.28 0.97 0.07 … 5.03 0.47 1.06 5.38 9.44 0.38 1.74 0.43 … 1.30 1.11Zimbabwe 1999 1.32 598.58 1.00 1.88 1.81 80.98 10.72 13.76 54.26 152.51 2.99 82.94 53.48 55.42 23.14 6.53Zimbabwe 2000 1.37 620.60 1.03 1.73 1.71 83.67 10.02 18.00 81.06 175.81 4.29 97.91 86.64 56.15 28.13 13.89ASIAAfghanistan 2001 … 1.91 0.18 … 0.21 0.39 0.18 0.26 0.59 0.85 0.18 0.32 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.04Afghanistan 2002 … 9.23 0.77 … 0.92 0.38 0.94 3.02 0.21 0.75 0.14 0.25 0.16 0.13 0.47 0.54Armenia 1999 … 171.95 3.13 … 0.21 … 0.55 1.42 … 34.10 … 2.55 4.71 2.89 11.63 0.32Armenia 2000 … 178.52 2.68 … 0.18 … 0.42 2.05 … 31.08 … 1.66 5.89 3.68 10.60 0.74Azerbaijan 2001 … 168.76 2.81 … 0.02 … 0.33 … … 18.83 0.55 … 3.69 3.27 23.38 0.07Azerbaijan 2002 … 173.62 2.86 … 0.12 … 0.32 … … 15.25 0.59 … 4.76 3.27 24.17 0.09China 1999 13.50 48.19 … … 0.08 5.43 2.01 7.45 … 16.18 … … 1.32 0.57 2.69 0.69China 2000 13.59 50.78 … … 0.09 5.81 1.93 7.72 … 14.91 … … 1.35 0.65 2.61 0.77China,Hong Kong SAR 1999 … 300.30 0.30 0.04 0.60 24.80 0.24 7.95 … 100.73 … 8.21 6.59 … 23.48 1.10China,Hong Kong SAR 2000 … 313.56 0.16 0.01 0.32 24.50 0.16 8.34 … 106.00 … 8.17 5.28 … 21.16 1.57Cyprus 2001 3.42 9,090.54 … … 0.39 55.58 0.26 3.29 0.13 59.53 … 19.84 … 0.79 26.15 0.13Cyprus 2002 3.40 7,849.15 0.13 0.39 0.92 73.86 0.26 1.44 0.26 61.44 … 31.90 … 0.39 17.25 …Georgia 1999 20.58 158.70 4.64 … 0.54 11.48 0.90 4.80 0.30 42.54 2.63 … … … 16.68 0.04Georgia 2000 18.93 164.89 3.94 … 0.56 10.01 0.44 4.42 0.68 43.83 1.13 … 2.05 … 18.49 0.36India 1998 … 59.53 2.10 1.54 0.22 6.36 0.38 1.02 … 4.58 … 1.83 0.50 0.25 0.83 0.07India 1999 … 60.58 2.14 1.77 0.22 7.33 0.44 1.16 … 4.46 0.84 1.82 0.60 0.33 0.80 0.07Indonesia 1999 … … 0.84 … 2.21 … 0.90 … … 18.66 … … 0.97 1.05 0.88 0.19Indonesia 2000 … … 0.91 … 1.77 … 1.05 … … 14.00 … … 1.01 0.91 2.40 0.11Japan 2001 1.81 55.16 … … … 9.60 … 1.16 … … … 0.49 3.40 0.52 11.97 0.12Japan 2002 1.82 58.20 … … … 11.07 … 1.25 … … … 0.57 3.71 0.65 11.39 0.15Kazakhstan 1999 13.42 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Kazakhstan 2000 21.84 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Kyrgyzstan 1999 12.05 362.87 7.40 … … … 5.47 … … 125.66 … 8.67 … … 46.15Kyrgyzstan 2000 12.19 410.34 9.50 … … … 6.10 … … 152.04 … 8.61 … … 51.72Malaysia 1999 … 194.03 0.21 … 0.53 3.15 1.10 3.44 19.32 9.75 20.11 6.79 1.42 2.69 56.93 2.82Malaysia 2000 … 192.22 0.20 … 0.34 2.67 0.69 2.72 17.15 10.35 18.87 5.23 1.14 2.64 53.58 3.43Maldives 2001 7.14 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Maldives 2002 6.27 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Myanmar 2001 2.36 35.04 1.38 0.07 1.37 10.61 1.15 0.24 4.13 7.23 0.00 1.08 1.42 0.74 9.49 0.06Myanmar 2002 2.44 32.48 1.38 0.03 1.16 10.52 1.07 0.13 3.93 7.17 0.01 1.04 1.15 0.83 7.78 0.02Nepal 2001 0.95 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Nepal 2002 0.93 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Oman 2001 12.27 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Oman 2002 11.74 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Pakistan 1999 0.00 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Pakistan 2000 0.00 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Qatar 1999 6.02 437.08 … … … 16.63 … 1.06 38.05 … … 14.86 8.85 … … 7.26Qatar 2000 5.98 446.24 … … … 20.69 … 0.17 24.45 … … 16.76 … … … 0.17Republic of Korea 1999 2.42 380.12 … … … 8.32 4.18 3.48 … 28.03 … 0.53 44.49 6.91 10.32 3.13Republic of Korea 2000 2.51 370.70 … … … 8.77 4.05 3.00 … 28.02 … 0.47 40.85 5.74 9.75 2.03Saudi Arabia 2001 6.05 274.76 2.95 … … 36.20 … … … 30.99 … … … … 50.12 …Saudi Arabia 2002 6.60 273.58 3.66 … … 37.79 … … … 27.11 … … … … 49.46 …Singapore 1999 3.57 279.98 0.05 … 0.20 2.88 0.03 0.86 38.08 54.40 1.29 2.00 2.28 1.64 … 2.78Singapore 2000 3.78 292.71 … 0.02 0.07 2.89 0.07 0.97 38.43 55.85 2.36 1.72 0.52 0.75 … 3.81Syrian ArabRepublic 1998 … 926.64 … … … … … 68.15 … … … … … … … …Syrian ArabRepublic 1999 … 614.82 … … … … … 65.75 … … … … … … … …Thailand 1999 3.31 414.21 4.32 6.76 18.71 5.09 2.11 43.91 … … 2.33 2.32 328.67 …Thailand 2000 3.23 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Turkey 2002 4.66 45.11 5.96 0.35 2.78 2.42 3.43 6.35 0.97 0.42 4.17 0.11EUROPEAlbania 2001 11.33 135.89 5.27 4.63 0.06 2.23 0.16 3.38 19.41 20.18 0.57 0.54 2.08 – 8.52 0.03Albania 2002 11.75 138.73 8.03 3.94 0.32 2.41 0.22 2.86 21.02 9.14 0.60 1.84 1.56 – 6.92 –Belarus 2001 19.69 505.01 8.27 0.99 0.76 22.77 3.14 20.62 62.92 199.79 9.58 … 8.19 12.29 22.48 1.21Belarus 2002 19.65 540.31 8.75 1.11 0.72 34.72 3.19 14.03 57.39 179.66 10.57 … 7.00 9.78 26.10 1.67Belgium 2001 … 1,529.23 1.26 0.74 3.93 41.86 4.43 … … 98.89 … … 20.52 … 38.51 0.28Belgium 2002 … 1,362.96 1.82 0.93 3.98 39.73 3.99 … … 88.35 … … 18.29 … 38.06 0.31Bulgaria 1998 … 340.00 1.39 0.71 0.98 7.97 1.84 12.47 … 195.88 3.04 … 4.97 5.41 0.97 0.39Bulgaria 1999 10.43 358.08 2.14 0.45 0.88 7.71 2.52 11.21 … 158.39 3.40 … 4.36 4.69 1.45 0.32Bulgaria 2000 11.29 372.29 1.73 0.51 1.22 13.93 2.16 16.60 … 186.43 4.21 … 6.16 7.20 2.84 0.47
Data tables383TABLE B.13continuedRates are per 100 000 population (latest available data)ProsecutionPersons convictedstaffgrand intent homicide non-int assault rape robbery major theft automob burglary fraud embez- drug briberytotal commit attempt homicide theft theft zlement offenceCroatia 2000 8.58 393.90 4.04 1.71 0.53 6.19 1.30 4.68 42.26 44.61 0.05 … 19.18 3.61 47.37 1.00Czech Republic 2001 9.32 588.63 1.45 … … 27.90 1.37 12.59 … 158.71 … 37.07 61.21 29.49 10.30 1.12Czech Republic 2002 9.70 638.15 1.53 … … 29.86 1.44 14.13 … 153.98 … 37.89 82.71 28.77 11.45 1.34Denmark 2001 11.29 275.54 0.41 0.26 … 71.84 1.16 11.63 … 37.62 10.17 29.24 … … 7.67 …Denmark 2002 11.18 251.53 0.39 0.19 … 71.36 1.19 12.21 … 35.41 11.50 28.27 … … 9.71 …Estonia 1999 10.82 633.60 9.23 0.36 1.23 21.27 2.67 66.49 … 43.77 16.95 285.07 15.22 11.90 10.31 1.44Estonia 2000 11.47 749.53 8.04 0.29 0.88 19.28 2.85 79.33 … 52.59 17.38 266.84 19.14 11.54 23.52 3.14Finland 2001 6.78 3,979.68 1.83 1.95 … 193.66 0.96 10.58 11.72 734.43 … … 82.65 15.61 123.65 0.08Finland 2002 6.92 3,447.37 2.10 2.04 … 185.96 1.21 10.31 10.31 567.40 … … 74.59 15.58 142.09 0.08France 1999 2.67 999.56 1.00 … 1.24 90.11 3.15 0.72 1.02 167.20 … … 11.51 4.07 41.15 0.54France 2000 2.75 984.79 0.84 … 1.17 89.93 2.97 0.75 0.98 158.26 … … 11.02 3.99 38.91 0.47Germany 2001 … 628.08 0.24 0.10 0.83 65.40 2.28 11.11 8.61 148.41 … 18.52 121.61 11.04 55.83 0.44Germany 2002 6.24 633.88 0.15 0.12 0.79 70.21 2.40 11.56 8.88 152.65 … 19.04 117.99 11.33 55.27 0.46Iceland 2001 12.06 729.79 1.06 – 1.42 66.67 2.84 4.26 123.05 123.05 24.11 7.09 18.79 6.74 209.57 –Iceland 2002 11.97 814.79 0.70 0.35 2.11 63.73 4.23 5.28 130.99 130.99 23.94 14.79 25.35 7.75 221.13 0.35Ireland 1998 1.59 … … … … … 1.24 … … … … … … … … …Ireland 1999 1.79 … … … … … 1.28 … … … … … … … … …Italy 2001 3.77 414.48 1.24 0.65 … 11.21 2.57 13.21 … 79.07 … … 5.98 2.71 40.79 1.10Italy 2002 3.68 383.41 1.38 0.57 … 12.30 2.72 12.29 … 64.13 … … 6.25 2.93 36.90 0.73Latvia 2001 24.42 537.47 4.54 0.25 1.14 23.40 2.92 32.26 74.90 125.14 … 107.21 5.04 6.02 10.85 0.76Latvia 2002 24.25 539.56 5.90 0.43 0.64 26.99 2.61 36.31 67.54 113.69 … 106.46 7.87 7.44 23.87 0.86Lithuania 2001 23.55 600.66 25.53 … … … … … 327.80 … … … … … 19.01 1.44Lithuania 2002 24.65 573.36 25.34 … … … … … 307.64 … … … … … 17.38 1.56Luxembourg 2001 1,063.64 2.05 0.68 1.14 8.64 3.18 20.68 48.18 18.64 1.59 0.45 22.50 10.23 60.91 –Luxembourg 2002 966.89 0.90 1.13 1.58 80.86 2.25 22.97 53.60 13.51 13.29 19.37 27.93 9.01 72.97 0.45Malta 2001 455.92 … 1.52 … … … 1.27 … … 8.61 … … 1.27 … 18.73 …Malta 2002 1.63 … 1.26 … … … 1.76 … … 13.60 … … 0.50 … 16.37 …Netherlands 2001 3.56 633.35 … … 0.09 … 2.04 22.41 … … … … 24.22 8.93 43.96 0.02Netherlands 2002 3.63 660.57 … … 0.04 … 2.27 24.43 … … … … 20.92 8.02 53.90 0.02Norway 1999 … 263.50 0.47 0.13 0.94 29.39 0.70 4.04 48.21 72.96 5.81 0.78 28.99 4.66 62.33 …Norway 2000 … 240.08 0.47 0.13 1.02 25.85 0.56 4.70 41.15 63.48 4.97 0.76 24.49 5.14 57.85 …Poland 2001 13.98 815.23 1.47 0.46 0.55 … 2.38 26.02 68.51 4.79 78.05 58.15 0.13 11.13 1.63Poland 2002 14.29 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Portugal 2001 10.53 595.45 1.95 0.94 6.64 58.38 2.41 10.58 36.79 52.90 1.19 9.58 0.59 38.24 0.37Portugal 2002 10.81 607.64 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Republic ofMoldova 2001 17.28 401.36 9.30 … … 8.38 3.14 19.44 8.83 208.69 2.53 … 3.68 12.76 11.33 0.52Republic ofMoldova 2002 18.07 442.70 7.99 … … 7.47 4.16 22.37 8.74 216.15 2.94 … 3.83 14.62 14.12 0.96Romania 2001 9.15 370.01 5.01 1.95 7.93 14.39 3.27 13.04 … 141.80 0.55 … 10.57 4.58 1.20 1.50Romania 2002 9.16 366.88 5.76 2.30 8.61 14.11 2.91 12.72 … 135.95 1.65 … 11.07 4.52 1.94 1.61Russian Federation 1999 30.01 837.85 12.84 … 0.80 … 4.68 44.03 … 405.18 15.05 … 12.02 9.52 74.17 1.04Russian Federation 2000 30.39 810.71 13.30 … … … 4.41 44.33 … 409.90 12.47 … 11.18 10.34 67.89 1.05Slovakia 2001 12.33 430.54 1.47 0.22 0.41 53.23 1.21 12.21 124.61 126.36 1.80 25.97 26.03 11.66 10.80 0.50Slovakia 2002 12.68 448.08 1.45 0.39 0.41 51.57 1.17 11.75 124.80 135.36 0.71 23.54 35.81 14.31 8.70 0.76Slovenia 2001 8.04 384.22 1.01 … 0.15 36.12 3.44 4.50 3.14 51.59 5.11 45.12 29.69 2.88 15.58 0.86Slovenia 2002 8.30 424.59 1.07 … 0.31 37.07 4.58 5.09 4.94 60.44 4.74 42.67 36.20 3.11 17.72 0.31Spain 1999 … 253.64 0.27 … 0.88 … 2.08 79.52 9.30 … 6.94 3.76 2.93 17.27 0.10Spain 2000 3.67 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Sweden 2001 8.19 622.37 0.99 … 1.16 81.05 1.25 8.10 11.52 79.24 15.98 … 12.53 2.64 48.10 0.03Sweden 2002 7.91 636.17 1.01 … 1.21 83.30 1.27 10.04 11.89 81.05 16.86 … 12.61 2.55 51.64 0.15Switzerland 2001 … 1,283.23 1.41 … 2.14 27.19 1.76 7.87 … 134.35 … … 19.91 24.99 99.88 0.03Switzerland 2002 … 1,319.60 0.99 … 1.51 28.66 1.40 8.55 … 147.24 … … 18.86 23.50 103.20 0.16TFYR Macedonia 1999 8.38 382.70 2.08 0.10 0.35 32.62 1.24 5.65 44.67 … 7.68 89.04 10.26 4.02 7.19 1.14TFYR Macedonia 2000 8.47 366.08 1.62 … 0.20 28.66 1.03 5.22 38.16 … 6.25 89.32 11.23 3.25 97.64 0.94Ukraine 1999 … 445.37 7.31 … 0.49 5.05 2.17 17.07 6.56 116.48 3.64 … 4.93 0.04 49.21 0.88Ukraine 2000 … 466.47 8.17 … 0.66 5.13 1.83 16.75 5.18 131.63 2.81 … 5.41 0.03 51.70 1.02United Kingdom 2001 11.18 2,370.55 0.57 0.17 0.51 142.74 0.99 12.76 … 211.96 26.27 47.78 31.12 0.28 80.59 –United Kingdom 2002 12.68 2,394.67 0.56 0.11 0.51 130.98 1.13 13.20 … 186.67 24.59 45.90 27.71 … 83.60 …LATIN AMERICA ANDTHE CARIBBEANArgentina 2001 … 63.72 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Argentina 2002 … 70.01 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Barbados 1999 3.01 6.39 1.88 11.27 16.91 8.64 … … 9.02 … … 1.88 …Barbados 2000 3.00 7.87 2.62 18.73 13.11 7.87 … … 5.62 … … 5.62 …Bolivia 2001 … 30.80 1.16 0.26 0.21 1.44 3.48 4.90 … 0.93 … … 1.30 1.03 11.20 0.06Bolivia 2002 … 59.28 2.25 0.27 0.64 4.22 2.82 6.62 … 2.40 … … 1.98 1.67 16.06 0.20Colombia 1998 44.69 194.52 7.88 … 1.63 21.94 … … … 37.57 … … 0.76 … 13.32 …Colombia 1999 42.24 250.97 8.35 … 1.87 23.97 … … … 53.57 … … 0.90 … 18.01 …Chile 2001 1.21 1,302.97 2.62 … 2.06 29.31 3.93 33.27 … 12.56 0.02 2.54 3.22 2.46 9.50 0.06Chile 2002 1.59 722.82 3.57 … 2.73 30.18 4.42 32.54 0.03 16.95 0.12 6.06 2.52 2.03 19.59 0.04Dominica 2000 2.74 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …DominicanRepublic 1999 3.93 68.50 1.01 0.33 2.56 1.76 17.54 … … 2.66 … 11.87 …DominicanRepublic 2000 4.59 41.11 0.78 0.10 1.77 1.23 9.26 … … 1.40 … 6.31 …El Salvador 2001 10.30 31.59 6.61 0.95 0.41 5.21 5.10 11.32 1.85 1.85 … … 2.54 0.02 3.00 0.06El Salvador 2002 10.33 36.06 6.69 1.18 0.58 3.52 4.66 11.49 2.12 2.12 … … 1.99 0.28 1.95 0.03
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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320Summary of case studiestion exer
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
Page 360:
326Summary of case studiesmomentum
Page 364 and 365:
330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
Page 366 and 367: 332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
Page 368 and 369: 334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
Page 370 and 371: 336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
Page 372 and 373: 338Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
Page 444 and 445: 410TABLE C.7continuedEnhancing Urba
Page 467 and 468:
INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
Page 469 and 470:
Index435security of tenure 134confl
Page 471 and 472:
Index437domestic abuse see intimate
Page 473 and 474:
Index439hazard management 169hazard
Page 475 and 476:
Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
Page 477 and 478:
Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
Page 479 and 480:
Index445individual 34-35municipal f
Page 481 and 482:
Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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