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194Natural and human-made disasterswww.em-dat.net/ (includesindustrial accidents, miscellaneousaccidents andtransport accidents).14 This was calculated usingdata from EM-DAT, CRED,which only includes lossdata for events with at least10 mortalities, 100 peopleaffected, a national state ofemergency or a call forinternational assistance.Thus, the many smallernatural and human-madedisasters were not includedin this calculation of mortalityper event.15 Munich Re, 2004.16 Ibid.17 Özerdem and Barakat, 2000.18 See Washington (2007) forsome insight into the waysin which different psychologicalorientations influencedecision-making.19 Guha-Sapir et al, 2004.20 Yong et al, 1988.21 Conchesco, 2003.22 McGranahan et al, 2001;Benson and Twigg, 2004;ECLAC, 2004.23 ISDR, 2003.24 O’Rourke et al, 2006.25 Ministry of theEnvironment, Republic ofIndonesia (undated).26 Tsunami EvaluationCoalition, 2006.27 UNEP, 2005.28 Shiozaki et al, 2005.29 Guha Sapir et al, 2004.30 Swiss Re, 2007.31 These are aggregate figuresand economic damages perevent are higher in theAmericas than in Asia,where there is a greaterfrequency of events.32 UNCRD, 1995.33 Özerdem and Barakat, 2000.34 Pelling et al, 2002.35 Munich Re, 2004.36 Wisner et al, 2004.37 Guha-Sapir, 1997.38 Bern, 1993.39 Enarson, 2000.40 Ibid.41 Norris (undated).42 Bern, 1993.43 Delgado et al, 2002.44 Klinenberg, 2002a.45 Twigg, 2004.46 Freudenheim, 1980, cited inAlbala-Bertrand, 1993.47 Abney and Hill, 1966.48 Taboroff, 2003.49 UNDP, 2004; UNESCO athttp://whc.unesco.org.50 Vecvagars, 2006.51 See, for example, debatessummarized from theUnited Nations WorldConference on DisasterReduction, Kobe, 2005,session on Cultural HeritageRisk Management,www.unisdr.org/wcdr/thematic-sessions/thematic-reports/reportsession-3-3.pdf.52 United Nations, 2005; Clark,2000.53 UN-Habitat, 2006e.54 Harris, 1995.55 Shrivastava, 1996.56 Cities with 1 million to 5million inhabitants aredefined as intermediate,while cities with more than10 million inhabitants arereferred to as megacities(UN-Habitat, 2006e, p5).57 UN-Habitat, 2006e.58 Cross, 2001.59 Hardoy et al, 2001.60 Astill, 2004.61 National LabourCommittee, El Salvador,2001.62 McGranahan et al, 2001.63 Tibaijuka, 2006.64 IFRC, 1999.65 Nicholls, 2004.66 Quarantelli, 2003.67 See www.adpc.net/audmp/India.html.68 Satterthwaite, 2006.69 Ibid.70 Klein et al, 2003.71 McGranahan et al, 2007.72 IPCC, 2001.73 Barrios et al, 2006.74 UNEP and UN-Habitat,2005.75 Satterthwaite, 2006.76 Pelling, 2003.77 UN-Habitat, 2006e.78 Blaikie et al, 1994.79 General Secretariat CentralAmerican IntegrationSystem, 1999.80 UN-Habitat, 2003d.81 Sharma and Gupta, 1998.82 Rashid, 2000.83 Wisner, 1999.84 Brown, 1994.85 Özerdem and Barakat, 2000.86 Kreimer and Munasinghe,1992.87 Save the Children, 2006.88 ISDR, 2005a.89 Revi, 2005.90 Patel et al, 2002.91 Government ofMaharashtra, Department ofRelief and Rehabilitation(undated).92 Dossal, 2005.93 Tunstall et al, 2004.94 Mitchell, 1999.95 Pelling, 1997.96 Alexander, 1989.97 UNDP, 2004; and ISDR atwww.unisdr.org.98 Walton and Seddon, 1994.99 DFID, 2005.100 Freeman, 2004.101 Anderson, 1990.102 www.volcanolive.com/news16.html.103 www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998mitch.html.104 www.oxfam.org.au/world/emergencies/asia_tsunami.html.105 Bhattachatya, 2003.