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442Enhancing Urban Safety and Securitymortgages 16Mozambiquedisaster impacts 181flooding 31, 170, 323–324inclusive planning 296Millennium Development Goals 279mudslides 185Mumbai (India)flooding 188, 324housing rights 158tenure insecurity 32terrorism 65urbanization 183Mungiki movement 79, 308Myanmar, forced evictions 130Nairobi (Kenya)crime 46, 70, 308–309Mungiki movement 79road safety 225Safer Cities Programme 87social capital 248street children 59, 76Natech events 177National Development Foundation (NDF) 208national governmentscrime and violence 73–74, 88–90disaster impacts 174, 182disaster response 215–216disaster risk 165, 203finance 212reconstruction 165tenure security 147–148see also individual countriesnationalist movements 13natural disasters 167, 168, 319–326Africa 189Americas 190–191Asia 191economic effects 178Europe 191–192incidence 172–173Oceania 192see also individual disastersnatural hazards 168mapping 196–197Natural Hazards Risk Index 174–175, 197natural surveillance 97NDF (National Development Foundation) 208neighbourhood councils 91neighbourhood watch 50Nepal, earthquake safety 208The Netherlandscrime prevention 257flood management 21, 324–325institutional learning 39land use planning 206New Orleans (US)crime and violence 19Hurricane Katrina 164, 171crime and violence 19governmental response 29peer learning 39tenure insecurity 32New York City (US)crime prevention 100–101, 309–310crime rates 69disaster impacts 178evictions 122World Trade Center attack 79–80, 81NGOs see non-governmental organizationsNicaraguadisaster impacts 182disaster relief 212disaster risk planning 205housing rights 148youth gangs 78Nigeriaforced evictions 124, 125, 126, 152security of tenure 150, 151non-governmental organizations (NGOs)corruption 59crime and violence 235disaster risk 164, 202participatory risk assessments 198–199security of tenure 151, 157, 262, 273non-intentional homicide 54non-motorized transportation 225–226norms 40nuclear disasters 18, 210OAS (Organization of American States) 202Oceania, natural disasters 192OCPI (Organized Crime Perception Index) 60–61Ogata, Sadako 7Olympic Games 129Operation Kingfish 89, 250, 307Organization of American States (OAS) 202organized crime 45, 59, 60–61, 76–77drug trafficking 61street children 76Organized Crime Perception Index (OCPI) 60–61orphanages 58over-consumption, disaster risks 185ownership 199PAHO see Pan American Health OrganizationPakistanbuilding codes 187crime and violence 66–67earthquake (2005) 17, 165, 171security of tenure 152structural violence 66Panama, forced evictions 146Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) 203, 205, 209,288pandillas 78Paris (France), heat waves (2003) 181