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ContentsxiiiLocal impacts of crime and violence 74Impacts of crime on urban flight 74Impacts of robbery 74Impacts of burglary 75Impacts of intimate partner violence and child abuse 76Impacts of the prevalence of street children 76Impacts of organized crime 76Impacts of corruption 77Impacts of drugs on neighbourhoods and livelihoods 77Impacts of arms trafficking on violence in cities 78Impacts of human trafficking 78Impacts of youth gangs on city spaces and services 78Impacts of terrorism on cities 79Concluding Remarks 81Notes 824 Urban Crime and Violence: Policy Responses 84Levels of Responses 85International cooperation 85United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 85International Criminal Police Organization 86UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 86European Pre-Standard on Urban Planning and Crime Prevention 88National level 88Examples from the UK and the US 88Example from Jamaica 89Sub-national level 90Community safety and crime prevention strategy: Western Australia 90Integrated development plans (IDPs) in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 91State of Florida: Safe Neighbourhoods Act 91The Significance of Stages of Development 92Urban Governance Structures and Processes 93Diadema, São Paulo 94Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 95Corruption 96Types of Policy Response to Problems of Crime and Violence 96Enhancing urban safety and security through effective urban planning, design and governance 97Community-based approaches to urban safety and security 98Community involvement in Toronto, Canada 99Classical response to crime and violence: Strengthening formal criminal justice systems and policing 99Changing approaches to policing in Hong Kong 99Guardianship approaches in New York City’s Bryant Park 99Informal and formal approaches to policing and conflict management 100Strategies aimed at reducing risk factors 102Focusing on violence against women 102Women’s safety audits 102Grappling with youth crime 102Non-violent resolution of conflicts 103Strengthening social capital 104Institutional and Community Responses 105Partnerships 105Concluding Remarks 106Notes 107