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364Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityTABLE B.6continuedRoad safety Roads Motor vehicles Railways Port traffic Airper 10,000 vehicles per 100,000 population total passengers goods number route passengers goods passengers freighthauled per 1000 hauled TEUinjury fatality injury fatality fatality (km) m-p-km m-t-km km m-p-km m-t-km (000) (000) m-t-kmrate rate rate rate rate 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999–1996 1996 1996 1996 2004 2003 2003 2003 1990 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004Guatemala … … … … … 14,095 … … 21 57 886 … … 817 … …Guyana … … 217 20 … … … … … … … … … … … …Haiti … … … … … 4,160 … … 8 … … … … … … …Honduras 92 26 30 9 … 13,600 … … 22 61 699 … … 556 … …Jamaica … … … … 15 18,700 … … 52 … 272 … … 1,361 2,008 38Mexico 25 3 36 4 … 349,038 399,000 195,200 119 201 26,656 … … 1,906 21,240 403Nicaragua 219 28 80 10 … 18,658 … … 19 39 6 … … … 61 1Panama 314 15 335 16 … 11,643 … … 75 107 355 … … 2,429 1,501 34Paraguay 304 4 155 2 … 29,500 … … 27 88 441 … … … 373 0Peru 4 2 13 9 … 78,672 … 72 128 46 2,123 … … 696 2,666 200Puerto Rico … … … 24,023 … 10 295 … 96 … … 1,671 … … … …Saint Lucia 189 12 195 13 … … … … … … … … … … … …Trinidad and Tobago 13 20 … 8,320 … … 117 … … … … 440 1,132 42 … …Uruguay 90 33 58 22 … 8,983 … … 138 … 2,993 … … 302 564 0Venezuela 591 58 117 12 … 96,155 … … 93 … 433 … 32 921 4,592 2NORTHERN AMERICACanada 134 2 771 10 9 1,408,900 … 184,774 605 577 49,422 3,122 323,600 3,926 40,701 1,657United States of America 163 2 1,281 16 15 6,378,154 … 1,599,754 758 808 141,961 … 2,200,123 35,613 678,111 37,450OCEANIAAustralia 16 2 93 11 8 811,601 … … 530 … 9,474 1,347 41,314 5,130 41,597 1,898Fiji 129 10 145 11 … … … … … … … … … … … …New Zealand 70 2 457 14 11 92,662 … … 524 730 3,898 … 3,853 1,615 11,305 749Papua New Guinea 168 25 44 7 … 19,600 … … 27 … … … … … 759 23Samoa … … 62 6 … … … … … … … … … … … …Tonga 36 52 7 10 … … … … … … … … … … … …Sources: World Bank, 2006; Road Federation, 2004Notes:TEU - Container capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent unitsm-p-k million passenger- kmm-t-k million ton-km
Data tables365TABLE B.7International Migrants and Internally Displaced PersonsBy Country of Asylum By Country of Origin Internally Internationaldisplaced personsmigrantsRefugees Asylum Returned Stateless Refugees Asylum Returnedseekers refugees persons seekers refugees Displaced Returned percentage2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 1995 2000 2005WORLD 8,394,373 773,492 1,105,544 2,381,886 8,394,373 773,492 1,105,544 6,616,791 519,430 2.9 2.9 3.0AFRICA 2.5 2.0 1.9Algeria 1 94,101 306 1 – 12,006 1,391 1 – – 1.1 0.8 0.7Angola 13,984 885 53,771 – 215,777 8,352 53,771 – – 0.3 0.3 0.4Benin 30,294 1,695 – – 411 272 – – – 2.4 1.9 2.1Botswana 3,109 47 – – 4 11 – – – 2.4 3.2 4.5Burkina Faso 511 784 – – 607 211 – – – 4.7 5.1 5.8Burundi 20,681 19,900 68,248 – 438,663 8,268 68,248 11,500 – 4.8 1.2 1.3Cameroon 52,042 6,766 – – 9,016 4,860 – – – 1.2 1.0 0.8Cape Verde – – – – 5 14 – – – 2.4 2.3 2.2Central African Republic 24,569 1,960 74 – 42,890 1,843 74 – – 2.0 1.9 1.9Chad 275,412 68 1,447 – 48,400 3,113 1,447 – – 1.1 1.3 4.5Comoros 1 – – – 61 516 – – – 8.6 8.7 8.4Congo 66,075 3,486 346 – 24,413 8,174 346 – – 5.8 6.4 7.2Côte d’Ivoire 41,627 2,443 2 – 18,303 6,356 2 38,039 – 15.7 14.0 13.1Dem. Republic of the Congo 204,341 138 39,050 – 430,625 55,962 39,050 – – 4.6 1.4 0.9Djibouti 10,456 19 – – 503 218 – – – 5.8 4.0 2.6Egypt 88,946 11,005 – 96 6,291 2,329 – – – 0.3 0.3 0.2Equatorial Guinea – – – – 477 59 – – – 0.9 1.0 1.2Eritrea 4,418 1,591 1 – 143,594 4,034 1 – – 0.4 0.4 0.3Ethiopia 100,817 209 147 – 65,293 16,235 147 – – 1.3 1.0 0.7Gabon 8,545 4,843 – – 81 57 – – – 14.7 16.5 17.7Gambia 7,330 602 – – 1,678 662 – – – 13.3 14.1 15.3Ghana 53,537 5,496 1 – 18,432 2,351 1 – – 5.9 7.6 7.5Guinea 63,525 3,808 3 – 5,820 3,277 3 – – 11.6 8.7 4.3Guinea-Bissau 7,616 166 – – 1,050 250 – – – 2.7 1.4 1.2Kenya 251,271 16,460 – – 4,620 11,444 – – – 1.3 1.1 1.0Lesotho – – – – 6 7 – – – 0.3 0.3 0.3Liberia 10,168 29 70,288 – 231,114 6,000 70,288 237,822 260,744 9.3 5.2 1.5Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2 12,166 200 – – 1,535 769 – – – 10.5 10.5 10.6Madagascar 4,240 5,331 – – 203 19 – – – 0.4 0.4 0.3Malawi – – – – 101 3,849 – – – 3.2 2.4 2.2Mali 11,233 1,833 – – 520 353 – – – 0.6 0.4 0.3Mauritania 632 92 – – 31,651 2,304 – – – 5.1 2.4 2.1Mauritius – – – – 27 18 – – – 1.0 1.3 1.7Morocco 219 1,843 – 4 2,920 463 – – – 0.4 0.4 0.4Mozambique 1,954 4,015 – – 104 371 – – – 1.6 2.0 2.1Namibia 5,307 1,073 53 – 1,226 41 53 – – 7.5 7.5 7.1Niger 301 48 – – 655 591 – – – 1.4 1.0 0.9Nigeria 9,019 420 7,401 – 22,098 14,039 7,401 – – 0.6 0.6 0.7Réunion – – – – – – – – – 11.9 14.6 18.1Rwanda 45,206 4,301 9,854 – 100,244 15,880 9,854 – – 1.1 1.1 1.3Saint Helena – – – – – – – – – 14.4 19.4 24.8São Tomé and Príncipe – – – – 24 – – – – 5.6 5.2 4.8Senegal 20,712 2,629 – – 8,671 1,850 – – – 3.5 2.9 2.8Seychelles – – – – 40 10 – – – 5.5 5.9 6.1Sierra Leone 59,965 177 210 – 40,447 5,950 210 – – 1.3 1.0 2.2Somalia 493 98 11,952 – 394,760 30,467 11,952 400,000 – 0.3 0.3 3.4South Africa 29,714 140,095 – – 268 165 – – – 2.6 2.2 2.3Sudan 147,256 4,425 18,525 – 693,267 13,476 18,525 841,946 – 3.8 2.6 1.8Swaziland 760 256 – – 13 5 – – – 4.0 4.1 4.4Togo 9,287 420 3 – 51,107 7,479 3 3,000 6,000 3.8 3.3 3.0Tunisia 87 26 – – 3,129 365 – – – 0.4 0.4 0.4Uganda 257,256 1,809 24 – 34,170 4,313 24 – – 2.9 2.2 1.8United Republic of Tanzania 548,824 307 – – 1,544 5,250 – – – 3.7 2.6 2.1Western Sahara – – – – 90,652 24 – – – 1.1 1.1 1.0Zambia 155,718 146 – – 151 481 – – – 2.8 3.3 2.4Zimbabwe 13,850 118 – – 10,793 17,326 – – – 5.4 5.2 3.9ASIA 1.4 1.4 1.4Afghanistan 3 32 14 752,084 – 1,908,052 14,035 752,084 142,505 17,044 0.2 0.2 0.1Armenia 219,550 70 – – 13,965 4,352 – – – 14.1 10.2 7.8Azerbaijan 3,004 115 1 2,300 233,675 4,125 1 578,545 – 3.7 2.0 2.2Bahrain 15 41 27 – – – 37.5 37.8 40.7Bangladesh 21,098 58 – 250,000 7,294 10,166 – – – 0.9 0.8 0.7Bhutan – – – – 106,537 1,110 – – – 0.5 0.5 0.5Brunei Darussalam – – – – 49 – – – – 29.6 31.2 33.2Cambodia 127 68 – – 17,806 860 – – – 1.0 1.9 2.2China 301,041 84 – – 124,021 19,394 – – – 0.0 0.0 0.0China, Hong Kong SAR 1,934 1,097 – – 17 – – – 39.3 40.7 42.6China, Macao SAR – – – – 9 7 – – – 54.4 54.2 55.9Cyprus 701 13,067 – 1 5 4 – – – 7.6 10.2 13.9Dem. People’s Republic of Korea – – – – 288 78 – – – 0.2 0.2 0.2Georgia 2,497 8 41 1,289 7,301 3,011 41 234,249 398 0.7 0.7 0.6India 139,283 303 – – 16,275 12,193 – – – 5.0 4.6 4.3Indonesia 89 58 135 – 34,384 4,498 135 – – 0.7 0.6 0.5Iran (Islamic Republic of) 716,403 140 68 – 262,142 34,441 56,155 1,200,000 196,000 0.1 0.2 0.1Iraq 50,177 1,948 56,155 130,000 98,722 12,894 68 – – 4.0 3.5 2.8
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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xEnhancing Urban Safety and Securit
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xiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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xviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Sec
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES ANDTABLESFIG
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xxiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxivEnhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxviiiEnhancing Urban Safety and Se
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xxxEnhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2CHAPTERVULNERABILITY, RISK ANDRESI
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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50Urban crime and violenceFormal an
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52Urban crime and violenceContact c
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54Urban crime and violencePer 100,0
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56Urban crime and violenceBurglary
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58Urban crime and violencePercentag
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60Urban crime and violenceFigure 3.
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62Urban crime and violenceTable 3.3
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64Urban crime and violenceYouth gan
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68Urban crime and violenceType of v
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70Urban crime and violenceFrom a pl
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72Urban crime and violenceOne viole
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74Urban crime and violenceHigh homi
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76Urban crime and violenceAbused ch
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78Urban crime and violenceGenerally
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82Urban crime and violenceporate cr
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4CHAPTERURBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:PO
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86Urban crime and violenceUN-Habita
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88Urban crime and violenceBox 4.2 T
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90Urban crime and violenceBox 4.4 T
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92Urban crime and violenceLegislati
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94Urban crime and violenceabove wha
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96Urban crime and violenceCampaigns
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98Urban crime and violenceAvailable
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100Urban crime and violenceBox 4.7
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102Urban crime and violenceIn some
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104Urban crime and violenceInitiati
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106Urban crime and violenceThe most
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108Urban crime and violenceVandersc
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112Security of tenureBox III.1 Secu
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5CHAPTERSECURITY OF TENURE:CONDITIO
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116Security of tenureTable 5.1A gen
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118Security of tenureFully legalDeg
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120Security of tenureBox 5.4 Securi
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122Security of tenureUrban tenurein
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124Security of tenureAt least 2 mil
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126Security of tenureMarket-basedev
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128Security of tenureBox 5.11 Urban
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130Security of tenureOperationMuram
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132Security of tenureControl of lan
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134Security of tenureBox 5.18 Secur
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136Security of tenureNOTES1 Habitat
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138Security of tenureBox 6.1 The Mi
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140Security of tenureIt would be fo
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142Security of tenureBox 6.7 Land t
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144Security of tenureBox 6.10 What
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146Security of tenureBox 6.12 Evict
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148Security of tenureBox 6.15 Const
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150Security of tenureBox 6.18 Viola
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152Security of tenureThe GlobalCamp
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154Security of tenureBox 6.24 Land-
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156Security of tenureThe state is o
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction165One of the key trend
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8CHAPTERPOLICY RESPONSES TODISASTER
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Policy responses to disaster risk19
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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11CHAPTERENHANCING TENURE SECURITYA
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276Enhancing Urban Safety and Secur
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12CHAPTERMITIGATING THE IMPACTS OFD
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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308Summary of case studiestions wit
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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312Summary of case studiesothers. O
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Page 358 and 359: 324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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Page 364 and 365: 330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
Page 366 and 367: 332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
Page 368 and 369: 334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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INDEXACHR (Asian Coalition for Hous
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Index435security of tenure 134confl
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Index437domestic abuse see intimate
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Index439hazard management 169hazard
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Index441Kosovo, security of tenure
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Index443participation 38, 296-299pa
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Index445individual 34-35municipal f
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Index447gun ownership 78Homeless Pe
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