422Enhancing Urban Safety and SecurityAssessment Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IPCC, IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland,pp69–110Munich Re (2004) Megacities: Megarisks: Trends andChallenges for Insurance and Risk Management,Munich Re, www.munichre.com/publications/302–04271_en.pdfMura, P., C. Chatelain, V. Dumestre, J. M. Gaulier, M. H.Ghysel, C. Lacriox, M. F. Kergueris, M. Lhermitte, M.Moulsma, G. Pepin, F. Vincent and P. Kintz (2006)‘Use <strong>of</strong> drugs <strong>of</strong> abuse in less than 30-year-old driverskilled in a road crash in France: A spectacular increasefor cannabis, cocaine and amphetamines’, ForensicScience International 160: 168–172Mycoo, M. (2006) ‘The retreat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper and middleclasses to gated communities in <strong>the</strong> poststructuraladjustment era: The case <strong>of</strong> Trinidad’, Environmentand Planning A 38: 131–148Nanning Municipal Government (2007) ‘Faster,better and safer: The introduction <strong>of</strong> Nanningcity Emergency Communication Center’, paperprepared for Global Report on Human Settlements2007National Counterterrorism Center (2005) ‘A chronology<strong>of</strong> significant international terrorism for 2004’,http://www.tkb.org/documents/<strong>Download</strong>s/NCTC_Report.pdfNational Crime Prevention Centre (2005) Overview <strong>of</strong>Funding Programs, National Crime Prevention Centre,Ottawa, Networks on <strong>the</strong> Patterning <strong>of</strong> PropertyOffenses, www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/cp/index-en.aspNational Labour Committee, El Salvador (2001) SalvadorEarthquake: From Poverty to Misery, www.nlcnet.orgNedoroscik, J. A. (1997) The City <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dead: A History<strong>of</strong> Cairo’s Cemetery Communities, Bergin and Garvey,Westport, CTNeuwirth, R. (2007) ‘Security <strong>of</strong> tenure in Istanbul: Thetriumph <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “self service city”’, Unpublished casestudy prepared for Global Report on HumanSettlements 2007New Scientist (2002) ‘Fresh evidence on Bhopal disaster’,New Scientist, 4 DecemberNew York City (undated) New York City Marshalls,Department <strong>of</strong> Investigation, www.nyc.gov/html/doi/html/marshals/marshal_main.htmlNewman, O. (1973) Defensible Space: Crime Preventionthrough Urban Design, Macmillan, New YorkNgugi, M. (2005) ‘Dream come true for slum dwellers’,The Standard, 26 April, NairobiNicholls, R. J. (2004) ‘Coastal megacities and climatechange’, GeoJournal 37(3): 369–379Nisbett R. E. and D. Cohen (1996) Culture <strong>of</strong> Honor: ThePsychology <strong>of</strong> Violence in <strong>the</strong> South, Westview,Boulder, CONorris, F. H. (undated) Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomesin Natural and Human-Caused Disasters: A Review <strong>of</strong>Empirical Literature, National Centre forPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Factsheet, USDepartment <strong>of</strong> Veterans Affairs, www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_riskfactors.html?opm=1&rr=rr49&srt=d&echorr=trueNuttall, C., E. DeCourcey and I. Rudder (2002) TheBarbados Crime Survey 2002: InternationalComparisons, Barbados Statistical Department,http://barbados.gov.bb/Docs/AG–barbadoscrimesurvey2002.pdfNwankwo, L. N. (2005) ‘The birth and death <strong>of</strong> a localinitiative: Challenges <strong>of</strong> and lessons from <strong>the</strong>“Bakassi” vigilante group in sou<strong>the</strong>astern Nigeria’,Local Environment 11(1): 95–108O’Rourke, T. D., A. J. Lembo, L. K. Nozick and A. 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Heda (2003) ‘Roadtraffic injuries in Kenya: Magnitude, causes and status<strong>of</strong> intervention’, Injury Control and Safety Promotion10: 53–61ODPM (Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Deputy Prime Minister) (2004)‘Safer places: The planning system and crimeprevention’, www.communities.gov.uk/pub/724/SaferPlacesThePlanningSystemandCrimePrevention_id1144724.pdfODPM (2005a) Planning Policy Statement 1: DeliveringSustainable Development, ODPM, LondonODPM (2005b) Sustainable Communities: People, Placesand Prosperity, ODPM, LondonODPM and <strong>the</strong> Home Office (2004) Safer Places: ThePlanning System and Crime Prevention, HMSO,LondonOffice on Violence against Women (2000) Victims <strong>of</strong>Violence and Trafficking Prevention Act <strong>of</strong> 2000, USDepartment <strong>of</strong> Justice, Washington, DCOkwebah, D. and D. Wabala (2007) ‘100,000 reasons tobe afraid’ Sunday Nation, MarchOlivira, M. G. G. and R. Denaldi (1999) ‘Communityparticipation in relocation programmes: The case <strong>of</strong>slum Sacadura Cabral in Santo André, Brazil’, OpenHouse International 24(3): 24–32Ongkittikul, S. and H. Geerlings (2006) Opportunitiesfor Innovation in Public Transport: Effects <strong>of</strong>Regulatory Reforms on Innovative Capabilities,Transport Policy, 13: 283–293ORG (Operations Research Group) (1994) HouseholdTravel Surveys in Delhi, ORG, DelhiOrr, B. (2007) ‘Kobe: Disaster response and adaptation’,Unpublished case study prepared for Global Report onHuman Settlements 2007Orr, B., A. Stodghill and L. 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Barakat (2000) ‘After <strong>the</strong> Marmaraearthquake: Lessons for avoiding short cuts to disasters’,Third World Quarterly 21(93): 425–439PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization) (undated)Gender and Natural Disasters, Women Health andDevelopment Program Fact Sheet, www.paho.org/English/DPM/GPP/GH/genderdisasters.pdfPantoja, E. (2002) Micr<strong>of</strong>inance and Disaster RiskManagement: Experiences and Lessons Learned,
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETYAND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTIONEnhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe preparation of
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4Understanding Urban Safety and Sec
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1CHAPTERCURRENT THREATS TO URBANSAF
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Current threats to urban safety and
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46Urban crime and violenceBox II.1
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48Urban crime and violenceit has mu
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158Security of tenureHousing rights
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7CHAPTERDISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS,T
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220Natural and human-made disasters
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236Towards safer and more secure ci
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280Towards safer and more secure ci
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304Summary of case studiesSince its
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306Summary of case studies• The e
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310Summary of case studiesenvironme
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314Summary of case studiespurposes.
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316Summary of case studiesThese eff
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318Summary of case studiesdevelopme
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322Summary of case studiesHousing r
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324Summary of case studiesProlonged
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326Summary of case studiesmomentum
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330Statistical annexIslands, Micron
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332Statistical annexNOMENCLATURE AN
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334Statistical annexPopulation, urb
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336Statistical annexSOURCES OF DATA
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