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CONTENTSForewordIntroductionAcknowledgementsList of Figures, Boxes and TablesList of Acronyms and AbbreviationsKey Findings and MessagesvviviiixxxxvxxviiPART IUNDERSTANDING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITYIntroduction 31 Current Threats to Urban Safety and Security 7Urban Safety and Security: A Human Security Perspective 7The Urban Context: Geography of Risk and Vulnerability 9Crime and Violence 11Tenure Insecurity and Forced Eviction 15Natural and Human-Made Disasters 17The Challenge of Improving Understanding: Perception, Evidence and Methodology 19The role of perception 19The role of evidence 20Methodologies and public understanding 21Concluding Remarks 21Notes 222 Vulnerability, Risk and Resilience: Towards a Conceptual Framework 23Vulnerability and Related Concepts 23Risk Factors at Different Levels of Analysis 26Global forces 26The global economy 26The global environment 27Global uncertainty and weakening of national institutions 28National level 29Influence of national macro-economic factors 30The urban level 31Urban spatial processes 33Metropolitan and municipal institutional capacity 33The neighbourhood or community level 34Household and individual levels 34Forms of Interdependence 35Pathways to Resilience 35Institutions and policy 35Juridical framework of international law 36Civil society and culture 37Lessons learned on the pathways to resilience 38Concluding Remarks: The Role of Urban Policy, Planning, Design and Governance in EnhancingUrban Safety and Security 39Notes 40